The antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Eucalyptus globulus (EOEG) was determined against 7 fish pathogenic bacteria (Edwardsiella tarda, Streptococcus iniae, S. parauberis, Lactococcus garviae, Vibrio harveyi, V. ichthyoenteri and Photobacterium damselae) obtained from farmed olive flounder. The inhibitory activity was evaluated by three methods: Disc diffusion method, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). According to the disc diffusion test, as the concentration of EOEG (5-40 µg) rises, the inhibitory zone increases in size. Compared with amoxicillin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol, EOEG showed similar antibacterial activity. The MIC of EOEG ranged from 7.8 to 125 mg/mL and MBC values ranged from 62 to 250 mg/mL. These results show that EOEG has antimicrobial activity against all seven bacteria, but there was no marked difference between each genus. From these results, it is suggested that EOEG can be used as an antimicrobial agent against fish bacterial diseases in the fish industry.
Agriculture ; Amoxicillin ; Bacteria* ; Chloramphenicol ; Diffusion ; Eucalyptus* ; Flounder ; Lactococcus ; Methods ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Olea ; Photobacterium ; Streptococcus ; Tetracycline ; Vibrio

Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in old adults. The incidence and etiologic distribution of community-acquired pneumonia is variable both geographically and temporally, and epidemiology might evolve with the change of population characteristics and vaccine uptake rates. With the increasing prevalence of chronic medical conditions, a wide spectrum of healthcare-associated pneumonia could also affect the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiological changes associated with community-acquired pneumonia over the decades since pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction.
Adult* ; Epidemiology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Pneumonia* ; Population Characteristics ; Prevalence ; Vaccines, Conjugate*

Pneumonia is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in old adults. The incidence and etiologic distribution of community-acquired pneumonia is variable both geographically and temporally, and epidemiology might evolve with the change of population characteristics and vaccine uptake rates. With the increasing prevalence of chronic medical conditions, a wide spectrum of healthcare-associated pneumonia could also affect the epidemiology of community-acquired pneumonia. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiological changes associated with community-acquired pneumonia over the decades since pneumococcal conjugate vaccine introduction.
Adult* ; Epidemiology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Pneumonia* ; Population Characteristics ; Prevalence ; Vaccines, Conjugate*

PURPOSE: To report a case of a recurrent macular hemorrhage that developed after surgical removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) for subintimal hemorrhage due to retinal macroaneurysm. CASE SUMMARY: A 75-year-old female was admitted to the hospital complaining of decreased vision in the left eye which had started 3 weeks previously. The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of the right and left eye was 0.7 and 0.03, respectively. The intraocular pressure (IOP) of the right and left eye was 10 mm Hg and 12 mm Hg, respectively. On the fundus examination, macular preretinal and subretinal hemorrhage was observed and a diagnosis of retinal arterial macroaneurym of the inferonasal major artery was made. Vitrectomy was performed. After indocyanine green dye staining, the sub-ILM hemorrhage was treated with removal of the ILM. At postoperative day 3, the annular chorioretinal folds were observed due to the hypotony (4 mm Hg). However, the absence of leakage was confirmed through the sclerotomy site. At postoperative day 8, recurrent submacular hemorrhage occurred and the hemorrhage was observed to have spread after intravitreal C3F8 gas injection and when the patient was placed in the prone position. At postoperative 4 months, the hemorrhage that had invaded the macular area was completely resolved. The BCVA was 0.3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: When removing a sub-ILM hemorrhage due to retinal macroaneurysm, recurrent hemorrhage can occur especially in a patient with ocular hypotony, as in the present case report. Physicians should be aware of this possibility and the proper treatment the condition requires.
Aged ; Arteries ; Eye ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Indocyanine Green ; Intraocular Pressure ; Membranes ; Ocular Hypotension ; Prone Position ; Retinaldehyde ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity ; Vitrectomy

No abstract available.
Curettage* ; Ear*

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to investigate and analyze the association between stress from shift and non-shift work as well as the effects living habits have on eating habits in order to identify why and how workers can improve their health and form proper eating habits for higher working efficiency. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 361 workers from K manufacturing company from April 7 to 11, 2014 and they were surveyed using a questionnaire. The subjects were divided into two groups according to working pattern: shift workers (n = 216) and non-shift workers (n = 110). RESULTS: In the general characteristics, there were significant differences in age, work career, work time, marriage, monthly income, and education levels between the two groups. For healthy behaviors, significant differences in subjective health status, moderate physical activity, drinking, smoking, and sleep time were observed between shift workers and non-shift workers. For eating habits, scores of non-shift workers having a regular mealtime, balanced meal composition, and vegetable and seaweed intakes were significantly higher than those of shift workers. The sum score of dietary habits in non-shift workers was also significantly lower than that in shift workers (p < 0.05). Total job stress score did not significantly differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The sum of eating habit scores according to work types was 16.1 ± 0.6 in non-shift workers and 14.0 ± 0.3 in shift workers. These results suggest that it is necessary to provide food suitable to characteristics of different workers according to work type which should be provided along with daily nutrition counseling to help subjects recognize their status.
Counseling ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Drinking ; Eating* ; Education ; Food Habits ; Gwangju* ; Marriage ; Meals ; Motor Activity ; Seaweed ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Vegetables

Our research sought to characterize the phylogeny of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from pet Chinese stripe-necked turtles (Ocadia sinensis) to better understand its evolutionary relation to other isolates and increase understanding of a potential zoonotic pathogen transmitted through direct contact with pet turtles. Thirty-one Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were obtained from both immature and adult turtles sold in pet shops in Korea. To characterize the phylogenic position of Chinese stripe-necked turtle-borne P. aeruginosa relative to other strains, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis was performed due to the accessibility and breadth of MLST databases. Seven housekeeping genes (acsA, aroE, guaA, mutL, nuoD, ppsA, and trpE) were sequenced and the results were compared with data from the MLST database. The genes were further used for phylogenetic analysis of P. aeruginosa using concatenated gene fragments. Both rooted and unrooted phylogenetic trees were generated. Eleven distinct sequence types were present within the isolates among which seven were new. Expanding an unrooted phylogenetic tree to include P. aeruginosa MLST sequences isolated from various other geographic locations and sources revealed a divergent cluster containing the majority of isolates obtained from turtles. This suggests that P. aeruginosa strains particularly well-adapted for inhabiting turtles occupy a distinct phylogenetic position.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Genes, Essential ; Geographic Locations ; Humans ; Korea ; Multilocus Sequence Typing* ; Phylogeny ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa* ; Pseudomonas* ; Trees ; Turtles*

BACKGROUND: Research on the emotional labor of firefighters is actively being carried out, but studies that analyze emotional labor separately by job types, working departments, and other conditions of firefighters are insufficient. The purpose of this study is to investigate the difference in emotional labor level between departments and other conditions of firefighters. METHODS: A total of 287 Korean firefighters were included for analysis. The demands of emotional labor and emotional damage were measured using the Korean Emotional Labor Scale. To analyze the conditions and factors affecting the emotional labor level of the firefighters, logistic regression analysis was performed using the emotional labor high risk group as a dependent variable. RESULTS: The average score of overall emotional labor level of the firefighters was 47.2 ± 17.3, and the prevalence of high risk firefighters with emotional labor was 27.1%. It was found that the emergency medical service and administration departments showed a higher prevalence of high risk emotional labor firefighters than did other departments. The result of multiple logistic regression analysis for the high risk emotional labor firefighters showed that the adjusted odds ratio of emergency medical service department compared to the reference group (the rescue department) was 2.89 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02–8.24). CONCLUSIONS: Among the firefighters, the emergency medical service department is a high risk factor for emotional labor. Therefore, education and prevention training on emotional labor should be more thorough before work shifts.
Daegu ; Education ; Emergency Medical Services ; Firefighters ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors

Double fold operation is one of the most common cosmetic operations performed on young adults in Korean. These days, as many women are working outside home, growing number of women who want to have a natural-looking double eyelid choose the method with not only a short recovery time and less discomfort but also definite long lasting double fold. Double fold operation can be classified as incision technique and non incision technique. Although there are various non-incision techniques yielding good result, these techniques still have some problems, such as loosening of double fold with time, cyst formation, conjunctivitis and so on. Incision techniques also have problems such as long recovery time, irreversibility and visible scar. Our technique uses two or three 4-5mm of partial incision and removes the subcutaneous fat, pretarsal muscle, and small part of orbital septum through small incisions. And then we suture the wound skin to skin through levator aponeurosis and upper part of tarsal plate. These procedures prevent the possible problem of loosening of the folds of non-incision method by creating scar- adhesion between wider portion of the dermis and the tarsal plate and allows the application on puffy eyelid without any difficulty and is expectable of short recovery time. A retrospective review of data for 154 patients who underwent the partial-incision blepharoplasty using debulking method from November 2000 through april 2003 is presented. Most results were successful except 3 cases. Two patients complained of weak fold and one patient complained of short fold line. Satisfactory results in most patients prompt us to report this method, and we hope this debulking method complement the existing incision and non-incision method.
Blepharoplasty ; Cicatrix ; Complement System Proteins ; Conjunctivitis ; Dermis ; Eyelids ; Female ; Hope ; Humans ; Orbit ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Subcutaneous Fat ; Sutures ; Wounds and Injuries ; Young Adult

Pet turtles are well-known to harbor an array of bacterial pathogens which can cause zoonotic infections in humans as well as opportunistic infections in the turtles itself. Essential oils are the natural plant extracts which have been traditionally used for disease treatment. In the present study, the essential oil of lavender (EOL) was examined for its antibacterial activity against thirty-eight strains of turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria belonging to seven species; Aeromonas hydrophila, A. caviae, A. dhakensis, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella enterica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibacterial activity of EOL was tested by means of disk diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) tests. In addition, the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of 11 commonly used antimicrobials was examined and the multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was calculated. The results revealed that EOL was active against all tested turtle-borne pathogenic bacteria except P. aeruginosa. The range of MIC and MBC values of EOL against isolates except P. aeruginosa were recorded as 0.5-1% (V/V) and 0.5-2% (V/V), respectively. The MBC/MIC ratio was detected as <4, revealing that the tested EOL was bactericidal. Besides, most of the isolates were resistant to different antimicrobials in antimicrobial disk diffusion test. MAR index values of the tested strains were ranging from 0.27 to 0.91. The outcomes indicate that EOL has a potential to be used as an antibacterial agent against pathogenic bacteria isolated from pet turtles.
Aeromonas hydrophila ; Animals ; Bacteria* ; Citrobacter freundii ; Diffusion ; Drug Resistance, Microbial ; Guinea Pigs ; Humans ; Lavandula* ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Oils, Volatile ; Opportunistic Infections ; Plant Extracts ; Proteus mirabilis ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Salmonella enterica ; Turtles ; Zoonoses