Melittin-induced pain model has been known to be very useful for the study of pain mechanism. Melittin-induced nociceptive responses are reported to be modulated by the changes in the activity of excitatory amino acid receptor, calcium channel, spinal serotonin receptor and extracellular signaling-regulated kinase. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in the melittin-induced nociception. Changes in mechanical threshold, flinchings and paw thickness were measured before and after intraplantar injection of melittin in the rat hind paw. Also studied were the effects of intraperitonealy administered diclofenac (25 mg & 50 mg/kg), piroxicam (10 mg & 20 mg/kg) and meloxicam (10 mg & 20 mg/kg) on the melittin-induced nociceptions. Intraplantar injection of melittin caused marked reduction of mechanical threshold that was dose-dependently attenuated by non-selective COX inhibitor (diclofenac) and selective COX-1 inhibitor (piroxicam), but not by COX-2 inhibitor (meloxicam). Melittin-induced flinchings were strongly suppressed by non-selective COX and COX-1 inhibitor, but not by COX-2 inhibitor. None of the COX inhibitors had inhibitory effects on melittin-induced increase of paw thickness (edema). These experimental findings suggest that COX-1 plays an important role in the melittin-induced nociceptive responses.
Animals ; Calcium Channels ; Cyclooxygenase 1* ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; Diclofenac ; Melitten ; Nociception ; Phosphotransferases ; Piroxicam ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Rats ; Receptors, Glutamate ; Serotonin

Korea has the most rapidly aging population in the world. Medical costs for the elderly are quickly increasing, which raises concerns about the sustainability of health insurance finances. Accordingly, the need to allocate limited medical resources efficiently has increased, with improving the fee schedule seen as an effective way to achieve this. Japan has experienced a super-aging society for at least 20 years prior to Korea and has been successful in improving its fee schedule. Korea’s fee schedule, however, needs to overcome the challenge of being relatively limited in type and simplicity.Current Concepts: The new patient consultation fee in Japan is the same regardless of the type of medical institution and is approximately 40% higher than found in Korea. In the case of established patient consultations, the fee for medical institutions with fewer than 200 beds are substantially higher than for large medical institutions, thereby suppressing re-examination at large hospitals. Japan’s additional points consist of 71 types of items, which is more diverse than Korea’s 28 types, and the additional points for children under six years of age, holidays, and late nights are set significantly higher than that found in Korea.Discussion and Conclusion: Japan designed its fee schedule to structurally reduce the consumption of medical resources and to effectively compensate for the behavior of medical providers. This policy is a standard which Korea’s fee schedule should aim for. In the future, it will be necessary to prepare measures to respond to the super-aging environment through detailed research concerning Japan’s fee schedule.

Epidemiological studies have suggested an association between pesticide exposure and Parkinson's disease. In this study, we examined the neurotoxicity of an organochlorine pesticide, heptachlor, in vitro and in vivo. In cultured SH-SY5Y cells, heptachlor induced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. When injected into mice intraperitoneally on a subchronic schedule, heptachlor induced selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition, the heptachlor injection induced gliosis of microglia and astrocytes selectively in the ventral midbrain area. When the general locomotor activities were monitored by open field test, the heptachlor injection did not induce any gross motor dysfunction. However, the compound induced Parkinsonism-like movement deficits when assessed by a gait and a pole test. These results suggest that heptachlor can induce Parkinson's disease-related neurotoxicities in vivo.
Animals ; *Apoptosis ; Astrocytes/drug effects/pathology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cells, Cultured ; Dopaminergic Neurons/*drug effects/pathology ; Gait ; Heptachlor/*toxicity ; Humans ; *Locomotion ; Mice ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology/physiopathology ; Parkinsonian Disorders/chemically induced ; Pesticides/*toxicity ; Substantia Nigra/*drug effects/pathology/physiopathology

PURPOSE: Reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication after hepatic resection might be a significant risk factor for prognosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the changing pattern of serum HBV DNA titer after hepatic resection and to assess the incidence of reactivation of HBV replication. METHODS: Among HBV-positive patients who underwent hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma, thirty-six patients with preoperative serum HBV DNA titer > or =3 log(10)copies/mL were enrolled. Serum DNA titers were examined before the operation, on the second and seventh postoperative days, and one month after the operation. RESULTS: The serum DNA titer decreased on the second postoperative day (p=0.078). The DNA level, however, had substantially returned to preoperative values by the seventh postoperative day (p<0.001). For most patients, the postoperative DNA titer reached its zenith on the seventh postoperative day or one month after the operation. The zenith level was higher (by 0.49+/-0.25 log10copies/mL) than preoperative levels although this difference just missed significance (p=0.068). Although postoperative reactivation of HBV replication emerged in 6 patients, only one of those patients developed postoperative hepatitis. Overall, four patients developed postoperative hepatitis and all of them had high postoperative HBV DNA levels (over 6 log(10)copies/mL). CONCLUSION: Although serum HBV DNA titers tended to increase postoperatively, routine antiviral therapy might be unnecessary because of the low incidence of postoperative hepatitis. High postoperative DNA levels, however, might be a risk factor for hepatitis, and postoperative follow-up of serum HBV DNA levels might be necessary in HBV-positive patients with hepatic resection.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; DNA ; DNA Replication ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hepatectomy ; Hepatitis ; Hepatitis B ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Humans ; Incidence ; Prognosis ; Risk Factors

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Auditory brainstem response (ABR) can be utilized to verify the hearing threshold and determine the existence of retrocochlear pathology in sudden deafness. However, little is known about the significance of ABR characteristics as a prognostic factor in sudden deafness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate which characteristics of ABR is associated with the prognosis of sudden deafness.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We studied patients who were diagnosed with unilateral sudden deafness from January 2017 to May 2018. ABR results of click stimuli at 90 dB nHL were analyzed by the latency of wave I, III, and V. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients (55 men and 58 women) participated in the study. Hearing recovery was observed in 94 cases (83.2%). The absolute latency of wave I, III, and V was prolonged in the affected ears when compared with the unaffected ears. Hearing improvement was only correlated to the interaural latency delay of wave I (Pearson's r=−0.278, p<0.05). Prolonged interaural latency delay was noted from complete toward slight hearing recovery group. When the hearing outcome was evaluated by the interaural latency delay of wave I at 0.2 ms, the result of under 0.2 ms was significantly better than that over 0.2 ms and no visible wave I. CONCLUSION Prolonged interaural delay of wave I over 0.2 ms and no visible wave I in ABR showed worse hearing outcome in sudden deafness. This finding may provide ABR as a potential prognostic indicator in sudden deafness.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Auditory brainstem response (ABR) can be utilized to verify the hearing threshold and determine the existence of retrocochlear pathology in sudden deafness. However, little is known about the significance of ABR characteristics as a prognostic factor in sudden deafness. The purpose of this study is to evaluate which characteristics of ABR is associated with the prognosis of sudden deafness. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We studied patients who were diagnosed with unilateral sudden deafness from January 2017 to May 2018. ABR results of click stimuli at 90 dB nHL were analyzed by the latency of wave I, III, and V. RESULTS: A total of 113 patients (55 men and 58 women) participated in the study. Hearing recovery was observed in 94 cases (83.2%). The absolute latency of wave I, III, and V was prolonged in the affected ears when compared with the unaffected ears. Hearing improvement was only correlated to the interaural latency delay of wave I (Pearson's r=−0.278, p<0.05). Prolonged interaural latency delay was noted from complete toward slight hearing recovery group. When the hearing outcome was evaluated by the interaural latency delay of wave I at 0.2 ms, the result of under 0.2 ms was significantly better than that over 0.2 ms and no visible wave I. CONCLUSION: Prolonged interaural delay of wave I over 0.2 ms and no visible wave I in ABR showed worse hearing outcome in sudden deafness. This finding may provide ABR as a potential prognostic indicator in sudden deafness.
Ear ; Evoked Potentials ; Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem ; Hearing Loss, Sudden ; Hearing ; Humans ; Male ; Methods ; Pathology ; Prognosis

Although liver transplantation (LT) is the only effective treatment option for hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS), the post-LT morbidity and mortality have been high for patients with severe HPS. We performed post-LT embolotherapy in a 10-year-old boy who had severe type I HPS preoperatively, but he failed to recover early from his hypoxemic symptoms after an LT. Multiple embolizations were then successfully performed on the major branches that formed the abnormal vascular structures. After the embolotherapy, the patient had symptomatic improvement and he was discharged without complications.
Child ; Combined Modality Therapy ; Echocardiography ; Embolization, Therapeutic/*methods ; Hepatopulmonary Syndrome/diagnosis/*therapy ; Humans ; *Liver Transplantation ; Male ; Oximetry ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; *Pulmonary Artery ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

PURPOSE: To investigate optic nerve head size and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness according to refractive status and axial length. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 252 eyes of 252 healthy volunteers underwent ocular biometry measurement as well as optic nerve head and RNFL imaging by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Correlation and linear regression analyses were performed for all subjects. The magnification effect was adjusted by the modified axial length method. RESULTS: Disc area and spherical equivalent were positively correlated (r = 0.225, r² = 0.051, p = 0.000). RNFL thickness showed significant correlations with spherical equivalent (r = 0.359, r² = 0.129, p = 0.000), axial length (r = -0.262, r² = 0.069, p = 0.000), disc radius (r = 0.359, r² = 0.129, p = 0.000), and radius of the scan circle (r = -0.262, r² = 0.069, p = 0.000). After adjustment for the magnification effect, those relationships were reversed; RNFL thickness showed negative correlation with spherical equivalent and disc radius, and positive correlation with axial length and radius of the scan circle. The distance between the disc margin and the scan circle was closely correlated with RNFL thickness (r = -0.359, r² = 0.129, p = 0.000), which showed a negative correlation with axial length (r = -0.262, r² = 0.069, p = 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: Optic disc radius and RNFL thickness decreased in more severely myopic eyes, but they increased after adjustment for magnification effect. The error due to the magnification effect and optic nerve head size difference might be factors that should be considered when interpreting optical coherence tomography results.
Biometry ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Healthy Volunteers ; Linear Models ; Methods ; Myopia* ; Nerve Fibers* ; Optic Disk* ; Optic Nerve* ; Radius ; Retinaldehyde* ; Tomography, Optical Coherence*

PURPOSE: The incidence and risk of malignancy are elevated in solid organ transplant recipients compared to persons in the general population. Epidemiological data reveal that the length of exposure to immunosuppressive therapy and the intensity of therapy are clearly related to the post-transplant risk of malignancy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the course of incidental intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas after liver transplantation. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 17 patients with IPMNs of the pancreas who underwent liver transplantation between January 2000 and December 2006. The mean follow-up duration was 29.6 +/- 22.8 months. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 55.2 +/- 7.2 years, and the male to female ratio was 14:3. All patients had branch duct type IPMNs. The lesions were located principally in the head (64.7%) and body (52.9%) of the pancreas. The mean tumor size was 13.0 +/- 6.2 mm. There were no newly developed symptoms associated with these lesions, and none of the lesions enlarged during the follow-up period. No patients underwent surgical resection of their lesions. CONCLUSION: The course of each of the incidental small IPMNs of the pancreas was uneventful for more than 2 years after liver transplantation. Therefore, patients with incidental small IPMNs of the pancreas are not immediate candidates for surgical pancreas resection. However, a longterm follow-up study with a larger sample size will be required to establish treatment guidelines in immunosuppressed patients.
Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Head ; Humans ; Incidence ; Liver ; Liver Transplantation ; Male ; Medical Records ; Mucins ; Pancreas ; Retrospective Studies ; Sample Size ; Transplants

A liver originating from Maastricht category 4 non-heart-beating donor (NHBD: cardiac death in a brain death donor) was procured and transplanted. Donor was 46 years old female. She was moved to the operation room after 3 times of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Arrest occurred 15 minutes after stopping ventilation. After 5 min waiting time, the incision was performed. The interval between incision and initiation of donor perfusion was 5 minutes. Warm ischemic time, which is from the withdrawal of support to perfusion, was 25 minutes. Super-rapid technique was used for the donor procedure. The frozen biopsy of the liver was performed before transplantation and macrovesicular and microvesicular fatty change were less than 5% respectively. The cold ischemic time was 6 hours 22 minutes. Orthotopic liver transplantation was performed with the preservation of the recipient caval vein without venovenous bypass. The recipient was 56 years old female. She suffered from cryptogenic liver cirrhosis with refractory ascites. Postoperatively, the early graft function was good. At the post-operative 10th day, Serum total bilirubin was 1.4 mg/dL and aspartic acid transaminase and alanine aminotransferase was 26 IU/L and 20 IU/L respectively. Post operative 10th day liver biopsy was normal. She stayed at the intensive care unit for 6 days. Post-operatively, Tuberculosis (Tb) peritonitis (by the intra-operative omentum tissue culture) was diagnosed and the patient is under Tb medication. This experience suggests that careful donor selection, minimizing warm and cold ischemic time and utilization of histology provide acceptable results of liver transplantation from NHBD.
Alanine Transaminase ; Ascites ; Aspartic Acid ; Bilirubin ; Biopsy ; Brain Death ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ; Cold Ischemia ; Death ; Donor Selection ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive Care Units ; Liver ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Liver Transplantation ; Omentum ; Perfusion ; Peritonitis ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants ; Tuberculosis ; Veins ; Ventilation ; Warm Ischemia