The author investigated the effect of some variables such as age, sex and the experience of past vaccination on the validity of PHA. The changing pattern of the validity with the change of PHA diagnostic criteria, and the relationship between PHA test result and RIA Ratio Unit were also studied. The results obtained were as follows; 1) No statistically significant difference was found in sensitivity, specificity and negative predictability by sex, but positive predictability was significantly higher in male than that in female. 2) Positive predictability was shown to become higher with the increase of age and negative predictability was found to be significantly different among age groups, but no statistically significant difference was found in sensitivity and specificity by age group. 3) Significantly low specificity and high positive predictability were found in past vaccined group, but no statistically significant difference was found in sensitivity and negative predictability between past vaccined group and non-vaccined group. 4) False negative cases by PHA were found to be the weak positive reactors by RIA and false positive rate of PHA was as high as 46.3 percent. 5) Sensitivity and specificity of PHA at the diagnostic criteria of HBsAb titer 1 : 2 were 98.4% and 53.8% respectively, but after increasing the HBsAb titer to 1 : 64 as the diagnostic criteria the results were 60.0% and 95.6% respectively.
Female ; Hemagglutination* ; Humans ; Male ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Vaccination

No abstract available.
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions*

No abstract available.
Pharmacoepidemiology*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions*

No abstract available.
Oxygen* ; Partial Pressure*

BACKGROUND: Models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) that have proposed a hypodopaminergic state resulting in hypofunction of the prefrontal circuitry have assumed a unitary dopamine system, which largely ignores the distinct functional differences between mesocortical dopamine system and nigrostriatal dopamine system. PURPOSE: The author's goal was to develop a pathophysiological model for ADHD with greater explanotory power than dopaminergic hypofunction hypothesis in prefronal circuitry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Published clinical findings on ADHD were integrated with data from genetic, pharmacological, neuroimaging studies in human and animals. RESULTS: Molecular genetic studies suggest that three genes may increase the susceptibility to ADHD. The three candidate genes associated with ADHD are each involved in dopaminergic function, and this consistent with the neurobiologic studies implicating catecholamines in the etiology of ADHD. Pharmacological data also provide compelling support for dopamine and noradrenergic hypothesis of ADHD. Neuroimaging studies lend substantial support for the hypothesis that right-sided abnormalities of prefrontal-basal ganglia circuit would be found in ADHD. CONCLUSIONS: The present hypothesis takes advantage of the major differences between the two pertinent dopamine systems. Mesocortical dopamine system, which largely lacks inhibitory autoreceptors, is ideally positioned to regulate cortical inputs, thus improving the signal-to-noise ratio for biologically valued signals. In this circuit, therapeutic doses of stimulants are hypothesized to increase postsynaptic dopamine effects and enhance executive functions. By contrast, symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity in ADHD are hypothesized to be associated with relative overactivity of nigrostriatal circuit. This nigrostriatal circuit is tightly regulated by inhibitory autoreceptoors as well as by long distance feedback from the cortex, and slow diffusion of therapeutic doses of stimulant via oral administration is hypothesized to produce a net inhibition of dopaminergic neurotransmission and improves hyperactivity.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Autoreceptors ; Catecholamines ; Diffusion ; Dopamine ; Dopamine Agents ; Executive Function ; Ganglia ; Humans ; Molecular Biology ; Neuroimaging ; Signal-To-Noise Ratio ; Synaptic Transmission

PURPOSE: This study was to identify the relations of interpersonal attitude and communication competence of new community health nurses. METHODS: The research design was a correlational study. The data were collected from 136 visiting nurses using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using independent t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with the SPSS/WIN 20.0 program. RESULTS: The type of interpersonal attitude in subjects was I+U+ and the score of communication competence was 3.6. Among 15 sub-dimensions, the highest score was responsiveness and the lowest was assertiveness. There were no significant differences in communication competence by general characteristics. Factors influencing on communication competence in new visiting nurses were interpersonal attitude I+(I am OK) (beta=.34) and I-(I am not OK) (beta=-.28). CONCLUSION: Education program, stressing the self-awareness, is necessary to increase positive interpersonal attitude and communication competence for reemployment of community health nurses. Furthermore, in order to reinforce assertiveness, institutional support should be accompanied with the efforts of individual level.
Assertiveness ; Community Health Centers* ; Education ; Mental Competency* ; Nurses, Community Health* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Research Design

No abstract available.
Colorectal Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Bile Ducts* ; Bile*