OBJECTIVES: Effects of nanoparticles including zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles, and their mixtures on skin corrosion and irritation were investigated by using in vitro 3D human skin models (KeraSkin(TM)) and the results were compared to those of an in vivo animal test. METHODS: Skin models were incubated with nanoparticles for a definite time period and cell viability was measured by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2.5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. Skin corrosion and irritation were identified by the decreased viability based on the pre-determined threshold. RESULTS: Cell viability after exposure to nanomaterial was not decreased to the pre-determined threshold level, which was 15% after 60 minutes exposure in corrosion test and 50% after 45 minutes exposure in the irritation test. IL-1alpha release and histopathological findings support the results of cell viability test. In vivo test using rabbits also showed non-corrosive and non-irritant results. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide the evidence that zinc oxide nanoparticles, titanium oxide nanoparticles and their mixture are 'non corrosive' and 'non-irritant' to the human skin by a globally harmonized classification system. In vivo test using animals can be replaced by an alternative in vitro test.
Animals ; Cell Survival ; Classification ; Corrosion* ; Humans ; Nanoparticles* ; Nanostructures ; Rabbits ; Skin* ; Titanium ; Zinc Oxide

Silver nanoparticles (size: 7.9 +/- 0.95 nm, dosage: 250 mg/kg) were orally administered to pregnant rats. At 4 days after parturition, four pups were randomly selected (one pup from one dam) and silver level in liver, kidney, lung and brain was determined by ICP-MS and electron microscope. As results, silver nanoparticles highly accumulated in the tissues of the pups. Silver level in the treated group was 132.4 +/- 43.9 ng/g in the kidney (12.3 fold compared to control group), 37.3 +/- 11.3 ng/g in the liver (7.9 fold), 42.0 +/- 8.6 ng/g in the lung (5.9 fold), and 31.1 +/- 4.3 ng/g in the brain (5.4 fold). This result suggested that the possible transfer of silver nanoparticles from pregnant dams to the fetus through mainly placenta.
Animals ; Brain ; Electrons ; Fetus ; Kidney ; Liver ; Lung ; Nanoparticles ; Parturition ; Placenta ; Rats ; Silver