Rhabdomyosarcoma is a very rare case in urological field. We have experienced a case of rbabdomyosarcoma originating from the prostate. So we present this case report with the article review.
Prostate* ; Rhabdomyosarcoma*

Apolipoprotein E-epsilon4(APOE4) is recently known as a susceptibility gene or risk factor associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Association between APOE4 and probable AD was determined in Korean population. Twenty patients met the NINCDS-ADRDA probable AD criteria (M:F=7:13, Mean age: 70.1 yr)were compared with 146 controls without dementia (M:F=83:63, Mean age:63.6 yr). APOE genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction and allele specific hybridization technique. APOE4 allele frequency (0.33 vs. 0.11, p<.01) and proportion of carriers with APOE4(60% vs. 19%, p<.01) were significantly increased in patient group. APOE4 genotype is also associated with late-onset sporadic AD in Korean, and APOE genotyping may be useful for differential diagnosis of AD for patients with dementia.
Alleles ; Alzheimer Disease* ; Apolipoprotein E4 ; Apolipoproteins E ; Apolipoproteins* ; Dementia ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Gene Frequency ; Genotype* ; Humans ; Korea* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Risk Factors

PURPOSE: We report surgical results and the relationship between hamate hook fracture and flexor tendon rupture occurred during excessive golf practice or rounding. METHODS: The 16 cases of patients with fracture of hamate hook or flexor tendon injury caused by golf swing were examined retrospectively. Hamate hook excision were underwent in fracture alone, flexor tendon reconstruction with tendon transfer of 3rd or 4th flexor digitorum sublimus (FDS) were done in the flexor tendon rupture. Postoperative results were evaluated by means of American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH) to compare total range of motion and the grip strength. RESULTS: The fracture gap was not far apart completely in computed tomography (CT) of hamate fracture alone cases. If the flexor tendon rupture with the fracture, the gap in CT was far apart completely. After flexor tendon transfer surgery, two cases were excellent, five cases were good, two cases were fair in ASSH assessment. One case was re-rupture. Grip strength as compared with the normal side was observed for the mean grip strength of 82% recovery. CONCLUSION: The instability of the hamate hook fracture affected to flexor tendon rupture rather than location of the fracture. Hamate hook excision and tendon transfer with FDS can be a good treatment option.
Golf* ; Hand ; Hand Strength ; Humans ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Retrospective Studies ; Rupture* ; Tendon Injuries ; Tendon Transfer ; Tendons*

Using computerized motion analysis techniques, kinematics of foot trajectories were quantitatively analyzed in twelve rats before and after dorsal spinal cord hemisection at the T6 level. Although overground locomotion in these animals returned to normal within four weeks, some kinematic variables during treadmill locomotion did not recover to pre-lesion level. Immediately following dorsal hemisection, amplitudes of both hindfeet horizontal and vertical movements were dramatically reduces. However, in three weeks, the amplitudes of horizontal movement(stride length) became significantly larger than of pre-lesion strides. On the other hand, amplitude of hindlimb vertical movement showed very little recovery. Forelimb-hindmill coordination was also disrupted initially but returned to normal within three weeks. The duration of hindlimb swing phase became significantly longer after sectioning and gradually recovered, but never to pre-lesion levels. Interestingly, amplitudes of forelimb vertical movement. which was depressed initially, became significantly largery three weeks after lesioning. A dramatic increase in the statistical variation of limb kinematics, which persisted even after motor recovery, is an important parameter for the evaluation of neural deficits in spinal cord injuries. Kinematic analysis is a sensitive technique for the detection of minor motor deficits following nerve injuries.
Animals ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Extremities ; Foot ; Forelimb ; Hand ; Hindlimb ; Locomotion* ; Rats* ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Spinal Cord*

OBJECTIVE: To identify the precise locations of the motor branches and motor points of hamstring and triceps surae muscles to the bony landmarks. METHOD: Twenty-eight limbs of 14 adult cadavers were anatomically dissected. The adult cadavers were selected randomly without regard to gender and age. The cadravers which were unable to obtain a neutral position or which received a trauma to the posterior thighs or the lower legs were excluded from the study. The number and location of the motor branches and motor points from sciatic nerve to each hamstirng muscles and from tibial nerve to each triceps surae muscles were identified related to the bony landmarks. Bony landmarks were ischial tuberosity, medial and lateral epicondyles of femur, and medial and lateral malleolli of tibia. The length of femur was defined as the distance from the ischial tuberosity to the intercondylar line of femur and the length of lower leg was defined as the distance from the intercondylar line of femur to the intermalleolar line of tibia. The locations of the muscular branches and the motor points were expressed as the percentage of the length of femur and lower leg. RESULTS: One muscular branch from the sciatic nerve to the semimembranosus muscle and from the posterior tibial nerve to the soleus muscle, and one or two muscular branches to the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus muscle were located at 23.0+/-5.7%, 21.0+/-10.5%, 25.0+/-10.3% of the femur from the ischial tuberosity and 2.0+/-6.2%, 4.0+/-3.3% and 10.0+/-3.3% of the lower leg from the intercondylar line of femur. There were one to four motor points in the hamstring and triceps surae muscles. The motor points of biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus were located at 33.0+/-7.8%, 28.0+/-14.5% and 48.0+/-19.0% of the femur. The motor points of the medial gastrocnemius, lateral gastrocnemius and soleus were located in 5.0+/-0.6%, 10.0+/-3.0% and 18.0+/-4.3% of the lower leg below the intercondylar line of femur. CONCLUSION: The identification of the locations of muscular branches and motor points related to the bony landmarks from this study would increase the accuracy of the motor branch blocks or motor point blocks to the hamstrings and triceps surae muscles.
Adult ; Cadaver ; Extremities ; Femur ; Humans ; Leg ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Muscles* ; Sciatic Nerve ; Thigh ; Tibia ; Tibial Nerve

PURPOSE: We examined the success rate and adverse effects of ultrasound-guided axillary and supraclavicular approach brachial plexus block. METHODS: From December 2013 to February 2014, 580 cases of patients received ultrasound-guided axillary approach or supraclavicular approach brachial plexus block. All blocks were performed by one anesthesiologist under ultrasound visualization using 0.2% or 0.75% ropivacaine 1% lidocaine with epinephrine in 1:200,000 as the anesthetic mixture. RESULTS: Failure rate of ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block was 1.2% and 0.2% in axillary and supraclavicular approach, respectively. In supraclavicular approach brachial plexus block, Honer's syndrome was observed in 17.9%, chest discomfort in 14.9%, and arterial puncture in 1%. There was no adverse effect in axillary approach brachial plexus block. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound-guided brachial plexus block serves higher success rate and lower occurrence rate of adverse effect and makes it useful for hand and upper extremity surgery. Supraclavicular approach has relatively higher success rate and lower rate of adverse effect than axillary approach.
Brachial Plexus* ; Epinephrine ; Hand ; Humans ; Lidocaine ; Punctures ; Thorax ; Ultrasonography ; Upper Extremity

No abstract available.
Endosonography* ; Insulinoma*

OBJECTIVES: To reexamine the association between air pollution and daily mortality in Seoul, Korea using a method of meta-analysis with the data filed for 1991 through 1995. METHODS: A separate Poisson regression analysis on each district within the metropolitan area of Seoul was conducted to regress daily death counts on levels of each ambient air pollutant, such as total suspended particulates (TSP), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3), controlling for variability in the weather condition. We calculated a weighted mean as a meta-analysis summary of the estimates and its standard error. RESULTS: We found that the p value from each pollutant model to test the homogeneity assumption was small (p<0.01) because of the large disparity among district-specific estimates. Therefore, all results reported here were estimated from the random effect model. Using the weighted mean that we calculated, the mortality at a 100 microgram/m3 increment in a 3-day moving average of TSP levels was 1.034 (95% CI 1.009-1.059). The mortality was estimated to increase 6% (95% CI 3-10%) and 3% (95% CI 0-6%) with each 50 ppb increase for 3-day moving average of SO2 and 1-hr maximum O3, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Like most of air pollution epidemiologic studies, this meta-analysis cannot avoid fleeing from measurement misclassification since no personal measurement was taken. However, we can expect that a measurement bias be reduced in a district-specific estimate since a monitoring station is better representative of air quality of the matched district. The similar results to those from the previous studies indicated existence of health effect of air pollution at current levels in many industrialized countries, including Korea.
Air Pollution* ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Developed Countries ; Epidemiologic Methods ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Humans ; Korea ; Mortality* ; Ozone ; Seoul* ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Weather ; Information Storage and Retrieval

BACKGROUND: Burden of acute stroke management is increasing according to aging population and advances in the therapeutic time window. However, reduction of resident numbers by the national policy in addition to the underlying low medical charge and reward gradually leaded to a lower rate of application to neurology department. METHODS: We conducted a nationwide survey from May 29, 2017 through July 11, 2017 to evaluate the real-world working conditions and issues of acute stroke management by stroke neurologists in Korea. Of 100 candidates of stroke professors/specialists, a total of 81 physicians participated the survey comprising 40 questionnaires. RESULTS: Stroke care physicians were suffering from heavy work load of inpatient care, outpatient clinic due to shortage of manpower for caring acute stroke. There were only three hospitals (3.7%) where neurologists independently take lead an endovascular therapy. About 43% of the participants were involving in primary duty for acute stroke management stroke, majority of whom (65.7%) were on by themselves. Participants pointed out that the biggest drawbacks were manpower shortage due to lack of residents, and numerous frequencies of primary duty. Approximately 80% of the participants forecasted a dismal future for stroke field. CONCLUSIONS: With the growing incidence of stroke, there is an emerging need for increasing number of neurologists due to contemporary grave shortage of stroke neurologists. It is necessary to investigate the effective demand forecasting for stroke neurologists for the strategy to improve an unmet quality of stroke care with the awareness and help of government.
Aging ; Ambulatory Care ; Brain Infarction ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inpatients ; Korea ; Neurology ; Reward ; Stroke

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to verify the prognostic factors of stage II rectal cancer and the effect of radiation therapy on the survival and local recurrence rate. METHODS: This study was undertaken in 202 patients who underwent curative resection of rectal cancer and confirmed to be stage II between July 1989 and December 1996. Univariate and multivariate (Cox's model) analyses of survival were employed to identify prognostic factors. Statistical significance was assigned by p value of <0.05. RESULTS: Overall recurrence occurred in 32 patients. Four patterns of recurrence were observed: hematogenous recurrence in 17 patients, local recurrence in 11, peritoneal seeding in two and simultaneous hematogenous and local recurrence in two cases. Overall 5-year survival rate was 85.6% and 5 year disease free survival rate was 82.8%. There was no significant difference in local recurrence rate and survival according to radiation therapy or location of cancer. In multivariate analysis, the number of harvested lymph node was only a prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS: The number of harvested lymph nodes has prognostic value in stage II rectal cancer. Postoperative radiation therapy should be considered for stage II rectal cancer with poor prognostic factors although radiation did not decrease local recurrence rate in present study.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Child ; English Abstract ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Prognosis ; Rectal Neoplasms/pathology/*surgery