No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans ; Urinary Tract Infections* ; Urinary Tract*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Cough* ; Humans ; Maxillary Sinus* ; Maxillary Sinusitis*

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among distress from drinking, alcohol abstinence self-efficacy and outcome expectancy in youths. METHOD: The participants in this study were 174 university students who were enrolled by convenience sampling. The data were collected from March to August, 2005. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's correlation coefficients with SPSS 12.0 were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: There were significant differences in the physical distress from drinking according to gender, age, residence, drinking frequency and drinking capacity. There were significant differences in alcohol abstinence self-efficacy by drinking frequency and drinking capacity. There were significant differences in drinking outcome expectancy according to gender, drinking frequency and drinking capacity. The physical distress from drinking showed a significant positive correlation with alcohol abstinence self-efficacy (r=.312, p=.000) and negative correlation with drinking outcome expectancy (r=-.353, p=.000). Alcohol abstinence self-efficacy showed a significant negative correlation with drinking outcome expectancy (r=-.387, p=.000). CONCLUSION: There were relationships among physical distress from drinking, alcohol abstinence self-efficacy, and drinking outcome expectancy. These findings provide the basis to prevent problems of drinking by developing alcohol control program for university students.
Adolescent ; Alcohol Drinking ; Drinking ; Humans ; Statistics as Topic ; Stress, Physiological

PURPOSE: This study was done to suggest policies for nurse workforce based on patient safety. METHODS: The two steps in developing the items were items related to what would be desirable policies and items on how the policies should be developed for patient safety regarding nurse workforce. A literature review was done and suggestions from experts through two rounds using the Delphi technique were outlined. The fifteen experts who participated in this study were six representatives of service consumers and nine representatives of service providers (four medical doctors and fives nurses). RESULTS: To guarantee patient safety, accreditation of nursing practice and nursing education were found to be necessary, and to prevent medical and nursing accidents in clinical practice, the professional judgement of the nurses was found to be pivotal to the provision of safe nursing services. CONCLUSION: Polices on nursing for the nurse workforce based on patient safety in clinical settings should be established to ensure that nursing care is provided according to the nurses' clinical judgements based on their professional knowledge and assessment skills.
Accreditation ; Delphi Technique* ; Education, Nursing ; Nursing ; Nursing Care ; Nursing Services ; Patient Safety*

To compare the rate of uptake and elimination of volatile anesthetics, we administered 2% Halothane, 2% Enflurane and 2% Isoflurane respectively for one hour to 90 healthy adult patients through a semicolsed circuit with controlled ventilation to maintain normocapnea for determining the rates of uptake, and the volatile anesthetics and nitrous oxide were discontinued to determine the rates of elimination for 30 minutes. The expired(Fe=Fa) and inspired(F1) vapor concentrations of volatile anethetics were measured using an infrared analyser and F(A)/ F(1) ratios were used to determine rates of uptake, and F(A)/F(AO)(Where F(AO) is the last end-tidal concentration during uptake) ratios were used to determine rates of elimination. And to evaluate the effects of gas flow pattern on the rate of uptake and elimination, the patients were divided into three groups: Control group inhaled three volatile anesthetics respectively with 3 liter of oxygen per minute, study group 1 inhaled three volatile anesthetics respectively with 6 liter of oxygen per minute and study group 2 inhaled three volatile anesthet- ics respectively with 1 liter of oxygen and 2 liter of nitrous oxide. The results obtained were as follows: l) To compare the rate of uptake(F(A)/F(1)) of the anesthetics, the pulmonary uptake was most rapid with isoflurane followed by enflurane and halothane in accord with their respective solubilities in blood 2) With increased fresh gas flow, the rates of uptake of anesthetics more rapidly augmented, especially significantly in halothane and enflurane 3) With gas mixture of 70% N2O, the rate of uptake of anesthetics more rapidly augmented, especially significantly in isoflurane and enflurane 4) To compare the rate of elimination of anesthetics, isoflurane and enflurane eliminated more rapidly than halothane but there are no difference in that of isoflurane with enflurane in control group. But there are no difference significantly between that of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane in study group 1 and 2. 5) With increased gas flow rate, the rate of elimination decreased more rapidly in halothane, enflurane and isoflurane significantly. 6) By the elimination of anesthetics with N2O simultaneously from the lung, the rate of elimination decreased more rapidly in halothane and isoflurane significantly. In conclusion, we have shown that we can obtained more rapid induction and recovery of inhalation anesthetics with lower solubility of anesthetics. In addition, with increased fresh gas flow and use of gas mixture af nitrous oxide, induction and recovery of anesthetics will be more rapidly.
Adult ; Anesthetics* ; Anesthetics, Inhalation ; Enflurane ; Halothane ; Humans ; Isoflurane ; Lung ; Nitrous Oxide ; Oxygen ; Solubility ; Ventilation

Human clonorchias is a major parasitic infection and estimated about 1.4 million people to be infected with this parasite in Korea now. Clonorchiasis is a chronic disease debilitating inhabitants and threatening their health in endemic areas. Early diagnosis and treatment of clonorchis-infections are crucial. As a standard diagnostic method, the microscopic stool examination and identification of the egg has been employed. Nowadays needs are serodiagnostic kits of more rapid, simple and convenient formats. Serodiagnostic methods using antigenic proteins, in crude or molecularly defined forms, of Clonorchis sinensis could be alternatives for diagnosis of C. sinensis-infections. Serodiagnostic methods could be employed for large scale diagnosis to screen out infected with stress on false negatives of light worm-burden cases. To alleviate these obstacles, antigenic proteins of high specificity and moderate sensitivity have been identified and available in molecularly defined forms. Recently, a rapid diagnostic test was developed for serodiagnosis of C. sinensis-infections. Multiple antigen mixtures are expected to be formulated using these defined antigenic proteins and to escalate rapid diagnostic tests to those of high specificity and sensitivity for serodiagnosis of C. sinensis-infections.
Chronic Disease ; Clonorchiasis ; Clonorchis sinensis ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Korea ; Light ; Ovum ; Parasites ; Proteins ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Serologic Tests

Spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in a variety of lung diseases. Primary or metastatic lung cancers are rare, but important causes of pneumothorax. We report here on a case of pulmonary metastasis of thyroid papillary carcinoma that initially presented as spontaneous pneumothorax. A 32-year-old male with no history of thyroid disease underwent wedge resection of the lung due to recurrent pneumothorax. Histologically, the pleura and subpleural lung parenchyma revealed several micronodular lesions and randomly scattered glandular structures with mild cytological atypia. The cells were characterized by their overlapped hypochromatic nuclei with longitudinal grooves and inconspicuous nucleoli. On the additional sections, we found a few intranuclear inclusions and colloid-like material in the follicular structures. The glandular cells were immunoreactive for thyroglobulin, TTF-1, CK 7 and HMW-CK and they were focally immunoreactive for EMA, but they were negative for S100, chromogranin and CEA. The Ki-67 labelling index was 4%. Neck ultrasonography revealed an ill-defined hypoechoic nodule in the left lobe of the thyroid. The diagnosis of conventional, classical papillary carcinoma was made by both the cytology and the total thyroidectomy specimen. Pathologists should conduct a through histologic examination for the patients with recurrent spontaneous pneumothorax to search for the underlying causes.
Adult ; Carcinoma ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; Humans ; Intranuclear Inclusion Bodies ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Lung Neoplasms ; Male ; Neck ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Pleura ; Pneumothorax ; Thyroglobulin ; Thyroid Diseases ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroidectomy

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated how the alcohol drinking motives and alcohol drinking expectancies, as the internal factors, would relate to university students' alcohol drinking problems. METHODS: The general characteristics, the alcohol drinking problems, the motives to drink, and drinking expectancy were surveyed with 197 university students (106 males, 91 females) who visited the Health Center of Chungnam National University. RESULTS: The alcohol drinking amount per drink (P < 0.001), weekly alcohol drinking frequency (P < 0.001), alcohol drinking problem score (P < 0.001), the score of drinking expectancy (P < 0.001) and motives to drink for each domain (P < 0.05) for male students were significantly higher or larger than those of the female students. The distribution of the number of binge, heavy and at risk drinkers didn't show significant difference between sexes. The drinking problem score, the score of drinking expectancy and motives to drink for each domain showed significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation and male students displayed a higher positive correlation than that of female. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence on drinking problem score. The male students' drinking problem score was associated with the score of coping motive, lower grade, the score of enhancement motive and drinking expectancy (R2, 0.325; P < 0.05) whereas those of female students were related to the score of social and coping motive (R2, 0.477; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The common factor that related to drinking problem for both male and female students was the coping motive to resolve negative feeling. In addition, the enhancement motive and drinking expectancy in male students and the social motive in female students were the associated factors.
Alcohol Drinking ; Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polymethacrylic Acids

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated how the alcohol drinking motives and alcohol drinking expectancies, as the internal factors, would relate to university students' alcohol drinking problems. METHODS: The general characteristics, the alcohol drinking problems, the motives to drink, and drinking expectancy were surveyed with 197 university students (106 males, 91 females) who visited the Health Center of Chungnam National University. RESULTS: The alcohol drinking amount per drink (P < 0.001), weekly alcohol drinking frequency (P < 0.001), alcohol drinking problem score (P < 0.001), the score of drinking expectancy (P < 0.001) and motives to drink for each domain (P < 0.05) for male students were significantly higher or larger than those of the female students. The distribution of the number of binge, heavy and at risk drinkers didn't show significant difference between sexes. The drinking problem score, the score of drinking expectancy and motives to drink for each domain showed significant (P < 0.001) positive correlation and male students displayed a higher positive correlation than that of female. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the influence on drinking problem score. The male students' drinking problem score was associated with the score of coping motive, lower grade, the score of enhancement motive and drinking expectancy (R2, 0.325; P < 0.05) whereas those of female students were related to the score of social and coping motive (R2, 0.477; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The common factor that related to drinking problem for both male and female students was the coping motive to resolve negative feeling. In addition, the enhancement motive and drinking expectancy in male students and the social motive in female students were the associated factors.
Alcohol Drinking ; Drinking ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Polymethacrylic Acids