The use of communication media suitable for the audience and message is important in conducting effective family planning IEC activities. This study 'intended to assess differential effects of various media used by the Korean program on rural women's family planning knowledge, attitude, and practice. Data for the study were collected originally for the study of family planning mothers' clubs by the School of Public Health, Seoul National University in 1973. The sample was drawn according to the principle usually employed in obtaining a small sample from a large area. Initially, a sample of 25 Gun's was selected from a total of 138 Gun's by systematic random sampling on the basis of the list of number of mother's clubs in each Gun. Secondly, from each of these primary units(Gun) selected, two second stage units(Myon) were drawn by a systematic random sampling method based on the list of the number of Li's -in each Myon. Finally, a sample of nine Li's was drawn by a simple random sampling method from each Myon selected in the second stage sampling. In this way, a total of 450 Li's, 18 Li's from each of 25 Gun's, were selected. In one of thess 18 Li's of each Gun, all the married women with a living husband, up to age 49, were interviewed. out of 1.052 women interviewed, 145 women were naturally sterile or beyond menopause, and were excluded from thib study. Thus, the analytical population consists of 90 fecundable wives, including those with tubal ligation. A series of analyses were made to examine the relationships between family planning status and selected socio-demographic and communication variables. The family planning status was measured by three indicators, one for each of family planning knowledge, attitude, and practice. The variable for family planning knowledge was created by classifying the respondents into two groups: 1) those who professed to know in detail at least one contraceptive method out of a total of five, including the loop, oral pill, vasectomy, condom, and rhythm, and 2) those who had no professed knowledge about any method. The variable for family planning attitude was dichotomized into those who had favorable attitude toward at least one method among the same list of five, and those who did not have a favorable attitude toward any method. Contraceptive status was classified into two categories of current users and non-users. The independent variables, applied to explain the family planning status, include four sociode-mographie variables and six communication variables. The socio-demographic variables are age, education, number of living children and sons, and ideal number of sons. Communication variables are frequency of exposure to family planning messages through each of the following channels: radio and/or TV, newspaper and/or magazine, 'Happy Home' and/or leaflet, public meeting and/or lecture, family planning worker, and neighbor. Major findings obtained from the analysis are summarized as follows: 1. It was observed that about 33% of the eligible women did not want to have additional children but were not practicing contraception(pong-eem). About half of these women were ever-users and the other half were never-users. They have at least perceived the need for family planning, and thus, should be a primary target population for family planning IEC activities. 2. Socio-demographic variables showed a'closer association with practice than with knowledge or attitude. 3. The communication variables affected family planning status over and above the effects of the socio-demographic variables. When the communication variables were added to the socio-demographic variables as independent variables in the multiple classification analysis, the explained variance was increased by 6.3% in knowledge, 8.7% in attitude, and 4.3% in practice. This also suggests that the communication variables exert larger effects on knowledge and attitude than on practice. Family planning adoption decisions may be influenced by many other factors as well as by family planning knowledge and attitude. 4. The Beta-coefficient was computed for each of the independent variables in multiple classification analysis. Among the media considered in this study, 1) neighborhood communication, radio and/or TV, and 'Happy Home' and/or leaflet had significant effect on family planning knowledge:2) public meetings and/or lecture, radio and/or TV, and neighborhood communication had significant effect on family planning attitude: and 3) radio and/or TV, Happy Home and/or leaflet, and home visit had significant effect on family planning practice. Although program media, neighborhood communication, and radio and/or TV appeared to be more effective than other media, no definite pattern emerged. In the interpretation of these data, however, it should be remembered tha t the frequency of contact varies with the media. 5. When women were exposed to family planning messages more frequently, they tended to have more detailed knowledge about, and more favorable attitudes toward family planning, and were more likely to he practicing family planning. 6. Media behavior differed with age and educational level. It was found that the younger the women and the higher their educational level, the more frequently they were exposed to family planning messages through radio, TV, or printed materials. On the other hand, the older the women and the lower their educational level, the more frequently they were exposed to family planning messages through meetings, home visits, and neighborhood communication. This implies that the audiences' characteristics, such as age and educational level, should be taken into account in the selection of appropriate media.
Child ; Condoms ; Contraception ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Education ; Family Planning Services* ; Female ; Hand ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; House Calls ; Humans ; Menopause ; Mothers ; Newspapers ; Periodicals as Topic ; Public Health ; Residence Characteristics ; Seoul ; Spouses ; Statistics as Topic ; Sterilization, Tubal ; Vasectomy ; Periodicals

No abstract available.
Neural Conduction*

PURPOSE: Cyclosporine associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious complications following kidney transplantation. In this study, 2 renal transplant patients, treated by the dual drugs -Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) and steroid (Deflazacort), without cyclosporine- due to development of HUS, were followed-up. Additionally, IFN-gamma and IL-10 as Th1 and Th2 cytokines, respectively, and their serum levels investigated. METHODS: Following their recovery from HUS, the 2 patients have been followed for 37 and 45 months, respectively, with MMF and steroid as maintenance immunosuppressants. The serum IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels were measured simultaneously in the 2 patients on dual drug, 10 on triple drug (cyclosporine, MMF, steroid) therapies and 18 normal volunteers. The 10 patients on the triple drug therapy were selected from 14 patients, that had undergone renal transplantations in the same year as the 2 dual drug therapy patients. RESULTS: At 37 and 45 months post-transplantation, the 2 pdual drug therapy patients showed serum creatinine levels less than 1.8 and 1.7 mg/dl, respectively. The serum IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels of the 12 (2 dual and 10 triple drug therapy) renal transplant patients (11.83+/-5.01 and 5.96+/-6.02 pg/ml, respectively) were significantly higher than those of the 18 normal volunteers (7.25+/-0.84 and 1.40+/-0.81 pg/ml, respectively), (IFN-gamma: P=0.000, IL-10: P=0.000). However a comparison of IFN-gamma and IL-10 levels between the 2 dual(11.56+/-3.35 and 4.91+/-1.66 pg/ml, respectively) and 10 triple drug therapy patients (11.89+/-5.43 and 6.17+/-6.61 pg/ml, respectively) showed no significant difference (IFN-gamma: P=0.606, IL-10: P=0.485). CONCLUSION: Long-term maintenance treatment with MMF and steroid is an effective alternative therapy in case of cyclosporine induced HUS.
Creatinine ; Cyclosporine ; Cytokines ; Drug Therapy ; Healthy Volunteers ; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Interleukin-10 ; Kidney Transplantation*

No abstract available.
Leukemia, Eosinophilic, Acute* ; Trisomy*

In order to find a highly efficient compound against Clonorchis infection, the anthelmintic activity of disophenol, Tremerad (SYD-230), dithiazanine iodide, dehydroemetine-late-release tablets(RO 1-9334/20), niridazole (Ambilhar), hexachlorophene (G-11), Hetol(1, 4-bis-trichloromethylbenzol) and Bilevon (niclofolan) was tested against Clonorchis sinensis experimentally infected rabbits. All drugs showed a progressive increase in efficacy as the dose rate. They were highly efficient against Clonorchis infection if sufficiently high, potentially toxic doses were given. The efficacy was evaluated by the number of detected worms with vital condition at autopsy after the treatment with above drugs. The high efficacy was observed at the following dose rates of each drugs, i.e. disophenol at a single dose of 30 mg/kg, Tremerad at the daily dose of 200 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, dithiazanine iodide at the daily dose of 50 mg/kg for 6 consecutive days, dehydroemetine at the daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days, hexachlorophene at the daily dose of 20 mg/kg for 10 to 15 consecutive days, Hetol at the daily doses from 50 to 100 mg/kg for 5 to 10 consecutive days, and Bilevon at a single dose of 8 mg/kg. Moderate effectiveness was shown in niridazole at the dose of 25 mg/kg for 10 days medication. The use of these anthelmintics for the clinical treatment of Clonorchis sinensis infection is discussed.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; chemotherapy-Clonorchis sinensis ; clonorchiasis-rabbit ; disophenol ; Tremerad (SYD-230) ; dithiazanine iodide ; dehydroemetine-late-release tablets(RO 1-9334/20) ; niridazole (Ambilhar) ; hexachlorophene (G-11) ; Hetol(1, 4-bis-trichloromethylbenxol) ; Bilevon (niclofolan)

PURPOSE: There have been repoty on radiological features of lower respiratory track infection in infants and children caused by RSV(respiratory syncytial virus) in KOREA. The aims of this study were to summarize radiological features of lower respiratory tract infection caused by common viral agents other than RSV and to find any specific radiological features which might provide clue to the etiologic diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed radiological features in 51 children with symptoms of lower respiratory tract infection and identification of viral agents(except RSV). They included parainfluenza (n=22), adenovirus(n=16), influenza A(n--11), influenza B(n=2) virus infections. The mean age of the patients was 23 months. RESULTS: Major radiological findings of viral lower respiratory tract infection were bilateral parahilar peribronchial infiltration(62%), bilateral overaeration(60%), atelectasis(59%)(segmental or subsegmental atelectasis(43%), Iobar atelectasis(16%)) and patchy or confluent consolidation(20%). Pleural effusion was seen in only one case and hilar adenopathy was not observed in any of them. In the cares of adeno virus, consolidation was seen in 5 cases(31%) including 3 cases919%) of extensive confluent consolidations and overaerations were less frequent findings(44%) than in other viruses. In 24 patients with radiological follow up for more than 1 week, consolidation improved most rapidly, while was persistent atelectasis. CONCLUSION: The major radiologic features in vital lower respiratory tract infection(except RSV) were overinflation, bilateral peribronchial infiltration and atelectasis. In adenoviral infection, confluent consolidations which are usually seen in bacterial pneumonia were more common findings than in other viral lower respiratory tract infections.
Child ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Infant* ; Influenza, Human ; Korea ; Paramyxoviridae Infections ; Pleural Effusion ; Pneumonia, Bacterial ; Pulmonary Atelectasis ; Respiratory System* ; Respiratory Tract Infections ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: Pediatric sedation is an important factor for obtaining the images of good quality. We performed this study to analyze the efficacy of our sedation protocol using chloral hydrate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We collected prospectively 151 sedation records of children(1 day-15 years old), who were sedated with chloral hydrate for MR(n=112) or CT(n=39) studies. We initially administered 50mg/Kg orally(n=94) or rectally(n=57) 30 minutes before the scheduled examinations, and then administered additionali dose (second dose :25-35mg/Kg, third dose:10-15mg/Kg) to patients whom initial dose failed to sedate. RESULTS: Satisfactory sedation was achieved by initial administration in 109 patients(72%) without si difference between oral(per oral: P.O.) and rectal(per rectal: P.R.) administration. Second dose was required in 28% and third dose in 5%. MR and CT examinations required second dose in 36(32%) and 6 patients(15%), respectively. P.O. -patients vomited in 5%. P.R. -patients defecated in 22% after initial administration. There were no other serious complications. Time interval from the drug administration to the start of examinations was 33 minutes in initial-dose-group and 64 minutes in additional-dose-group. Two patients could not complete MR examination due to early arousal. Prolonged sedation, requiring more than 30 minutes for alertness after MR and CT examinations, was encountered in twenty(18%) and two patients(5%), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our protocol using chloral hydrate(P.O. or P.R.) is thought to be an effective and safe method for pediatric sedation for MR or CT imaging.
Arousal ; Child* ; Chloral Hydrate* ; Humans ; Prospective Studies

No abstract available.
Agaricales* ; Anemia, Aplastic* ; Humans

Studies on the correlation between proliferative activity of biopsied specimen and pathologic findings of resected specimen have been carried out to find the prognostic factors. To estimate the proliferative activity, 100 cases of biopsied specimen of gastric adenocarcinoma were tested for the PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and the AgNOR (argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region) by the immunohistochemical and histochemical stainings, respectively. The resected tumors classified by histologic type, differentiation, depth of invasion, and nodal metastatic status were followed by cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry. The PCNA LI (labelling index) were higher in well or moderately differentiated tumors (P<0.01) than the poorly differentiated ones and the aneuploid tumors (P<0.05) more than in diploid ones. However, there were no correlations among histologic types, depth of invasion, nodal metastatic status and PCNA LI. The AgNOR counts were higher in advanced tumor than in the EGC (early gastric cancer) (P<0.01). In cases with nodal metastasis, most of them showed the AgNOR counts higher than those without nodal metastasis. There were no correlations between the AgNOR counts and the DNA ploidy, histologic type, or differentiation. High PCNA LI and high AgNOR counts were shown in cases with advanced tumors (P=0.000) and nodal metastasis (P<0.05). No correlation was shown with the histologic type or differentiation. The results show that proliferative activity of the biopsied specimen of gastric adenocarcinoma is correlated with the differentiation and the invasion depth of resected specimen. Especially, better correlation is obtained by analyzing both the PCNA LI and the AgNOR counts than by analyzing each.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Aneuploidy ; Cell Cycle ; Diploidy ; DNA ; Flow Cytometry ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Nucleolus Organizer Region ; Ploidies ; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen ; Stomach Neoplasms

No abstract available.
Adenocarcinoma*