611 children (297 boys and 314 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% cyclogyl. (1) Among 611 children, refractive error was 70.46 % and emmetropia. 29.54 %. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 72.47 % were hyperopic and 27.53 % myopic Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased 8.74 % yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased 8.14 % yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were more frequent in women (37.81) than men (32.65 %) (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 11. (24.77 %). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism; 59.42 % were with the rule and 39.94 % were against the rule.
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Male ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

Atlanto-axial dislocation with the fracture of the odontoid process has been considered as an uncommon lesion and a high incidence of nonunion of fractures of the odontoid process or high incidence of neurological involvement or death has been reported. With the advent of radiology, this fracture has been diagnosed early with increasing frequency. This paper is presented because very excellent result of union of the odontoid process treated with wiring and posterior atlanto-axial fusion by means of Brooks technic was obtained in our case.
Dislocations ; Incidence ; Odontoid Process

In recent years the rate of the spine frecture tends to be on the increase year by year as the rate of traffic and industrial accidents are increased. Realignment of the displaced vertebral column should be achieved for two reasons. It provedes better neural decompression than a laminectomy in most instances and permits stabilization of the axial skeleton in a position of function. One hundred and nine thoraco-lumbar spine fractures and fracture-dislocations out of 102 patients were evaluated from January, 1972 to December, 1977 in our study. 1. Out of the 102 patients, there were 89 male and 13 female cases. The ratio between male and female was 6.8: 1. The majority(77.1%) of the spine fractures was found in the age group of 20 to 50 years. 54.2% of the cases was caused by industrial accident. 2. The most Common site of the lesion occured between T 12 and L 2 vertebrae (82.6%) and the simple anterior wedge fracture (69.7%) was most common. 3. Thirty one cases of the total were complicated by paraplegia, of which 77.4% was caused by rotational fracture-dislocation and most common site of the lesion was between T 12 and L 2 vertebrae (93.8%). 4. Prognosis for neurological recovery in initially complete lesions was poor, regardless of treatment. About 10% of initially complete lesions showed partial neural recovery compared to 62.5% of initially incomplete lesions. 5. All 6 patients on bladder training with intermittent catheterization became catheter free within 3 months.
Accidents, Occupational ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Clinical Study ; Decompression ; Female ; Humans ; Laminectomy ; Male ; Paraplegia ; Prognosis ; Skeleton ; Spine ; Urinary Bladder

Trichophyton verrucosum is a worldwide zoophilic dermatophye. The human infection was first reported in t.he South western part of Korea in 1986 and Fas been increasing in Taegu area. Thirty-one strains of T. verrucosum isolated from the patients in Taegu area were investigated for their mycological features. Gross observation on Sabot rauds dextrose agar, microscopic examination by scotch tape method and slide culture or Sabourauds dextrose agar and potato dextrose agar, and hair perforation test were perforn ed at 37C. The averages of the largest dimensions of the colonies were .9mm at 2 weeks and 59mm at 4 weeks. The morphologic features of the colonies were clasified into three types. Eighteen of 31 strains showed flatwhitish, disc-like colonies with suvmerging hyphae, 11 strains had large radiating follows on the center of the colonies, and 2 strains showed colonies having diffuse fine folds on their surfaces with well-defined borders. On microscopic exaniination, many chlamydospores, antlerlive hyphae, oval and clavate microconidia, and rat tail or string bean shaped macroconidia were observed. It seemed that observation on potato dextrose agar during 10 to 14 days af er inoculation was suitable method for microscopic examination of T. verrucosum. All 31 strains showed positive reaction on hair perforation test.
Agar ; Animals ; Daegu* ; Glucose ; Hair ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Korea ; Rats ; Solanum tuberosum ; Tail ; Trichophyton*

A modern development of ambulatory ECG monitoring gave great advances in the diagnosis and evaluation of various cardiac conditions. Fifteen cases of ischemic heart disease, 11 cases of nonischemic heart disease, 5 cases of noncardiac disease and 9 cases of normal healthy subjects were studied from January 1980 to July 1981 in national Medical Center, with the following results: 1) The heart rate was decreased during night time, with less decreasing tendency in patients with ischemic heart disease. 2) Among 30 cases, including 12 patients with ischemic heart disease, who didn't show arrhythmia on routine 12 lead ECG, 12 cases, including 6 patients with ischemic heart disease, showed arrhythmia on Holter monitoring. 3) Among 5 cases with ischemic heart disease who showed premature ventricular contraction on day time monitoring, 2 cases didn't show premature ventricular contraction on nigh time monitoring. 4) The S-T segment and T wave were changed during night time in 2 cases with ischemic heart disease and in 2 normal subjects. From these results, we could assert that Holter monioring or ambulatory ECG tracing would be a good method for diagnosis and evaluation of ischemic heart disease, and other cardiac conditions. Several another studies with this equipment have to be performed and would give more distinctive outcomes.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Diagnosis ; Electrocardiography ; Electrocardiography, Ambulatory* ; Heart Diseases ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Myocardial Ischemia ; Ventricular Premature Complexes

A study was carried out to evaluate the house rats in southern Korea as reservoir host of intestinal trematodes, in 13 different areas: 7 in inland and 6 in brackish-water zones, during the period from August 1980 to August 1981. A total of 170 house rats was captured; 101 rats from inland and 69 from brackish-water zones. They consisted of 129 Rattus norvegicus, 22 R. rattus rufescens, and 19 unidentified. The infection status of the rats were as follows: Total 29 rats (17.1%) were infected by one or more kinds of intestinal trematodes; 27 from inland and 2 from brackish-water zones by areas. Rats in inland were more heavily infected. The intestinal trematodes collected from rats were identified as Echinostoma hortense, E. cinetorchis, Plagiorchis muris, Fibricola seoulensis, Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus yokogawai. As a reservoir host, the rats were very important in Echinostoma hortense and E. cinetorchis infection. Rats infected with these trematodes were found widely in southern Korea, and its infection rates were the highest among the discriminated flukes. In this study, no rats were found to be infected with Heterophyes and Pygidiopsis even in endemic areas. The negligible importance of rats as reservoir host of these heterophyid should be reevaluated in the future.
parasitology-helminth-trematoda ; rat- Rattus norvegicus-Rattus rattus rufescens ; zoonosis ; epidemiology ; Echinostoma hortense ; Echinostoma cinetorchis ; Plagiorchis muris ; Fibricola seoulensis ; Clonorchis sinensis ; intestine ; Metagonimus yokogawai

The intestinal histopathology and in situ postures of Gymnophalloides seoi (Digenea: Gymnophallidae) were studied using C3H/HeN and C57BL/6 mice as experimental hosts; the effects of immunosuppression were also observed. The metacercariae isolated from naturally infected oysters, 300 or 1,000 in number, were infected orally to each mouse, and the mice were killed at days 3-21 post-infection (PI). In immunocompetent (IC) mice, only a small number of flukes were found in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum during days 3-7 PI, with their large oral suckers pinching and sucking the root of villi. The intestinal mucosa showed mild villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, and inflammations in the villous stroma and crypt, with remarkable goblet cell hyperplasia. These mucosal changes were almost restored after days 14-21 PI. In immunosuppressed (IS) mice, displacement as well as complete loss of villi adjacent to the flukes was frequently encountered, otherwise the histopathology was generally mild, with minimal goblet cell hyperplasia. In these mice, numerous flukes were found, and it seemed that they were actively moving and rotating in situ. Several flukes were found to have invaded into the submucosa, almost facing the serosa. These results indicate that in IC mice the intestinal histopathology caused by G. seoi is generally mild, and the flukes do not penetrate beyond the mucosa, however, in IS mice, the flukes can cause severe destruction of neighboring villi, and some of them invade into the submucosa.
Animals ; Atrophy ; Immunocompromised Host ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/*parasitology/pathology ; Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology/*pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Trematoda/*pathogenicity ; Trematode Infections/*parasitology/pathology

No abstract available.
Androgen-Insensitivity Syndrome* ; Male

No abstract available.
Catheters* ; Humans

To get basic data for the development of health care toward the staff of a university, an evaluation study of the risk factors for the cardiovascular disease utilizing data from questionnaire and health examination performed in 1994 for 1233 staff of Chosun University and its affiliated Hospital. The results are as follows: 1. The mean values of systolic blood pressure was 122.0+/-14.7mmHg for the male and 111.8+/-12. lmmHg for the female. The mean values of diastolic blood pressure was 82. 5+/-12.0mmHg for the male and 73.7+/-10.0mmHg for the female. The mean values of serum total cholesterol was 185.6+/-33.4mg/dl for the male and 173.5+/-32.6mg/dl for the female. The mean values of body mass index(BMI) was 23. l+/-2.4kg/m2 for the male and 21.5+/-2.3kg/m2 for the female. The smoking rate of the male was 47. 6% and that of the female was 0.4%. 2. The systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels increased with age in both sexes. Under 55 years of age the mean blood pressures of the male were higher than that of the female, but the levels of both sexes at 55-64 year old group did not show any big difference. The mean values of serum total cholesterol and BMI also increased with age in both sexes. Under 45 years of age, the serum cholesterol and BMI levels of the male were higher than that of the female, but on the contrary, levels of the male were lower than that of the female at 55-64 year old groups. The mean cholestrol and BMI levels of both sexes at 45-54 year old group was similar. As the age increases, the rate of exsmoker increased and the rate of current smoker decreased among the male. 3. The additive cardiovascular risk scores were calculated considering the values of blood pressure, serum total cholesterol level and the smoking status. The distribution curve of risk scores for the male showed 39. 1% under 4 points and 60.9% above 4 points with the peak at 4 points. 61.7% of the female showed that the risk scores were under 4 points and the rest was more than 4 points with maximum 9 points. As a whole the risk scores of the female were lower than that of the male. 4. By the analysis of association between the risk score of cardiovascular disease and the subjective symptom under the stratification of age and sex, the prevalence of exertional dyspnea was significantly higher at 35-44 year male group and prevalence of dizziness was significantly higher at 45-64 year male group as the risk score of cardiovascular disease increased. Among 25 34 year and 45-64 year female group persons with lower risk score of cardiovascular disease showed higher prevalence of dizziness than persosns with higher risk score.
Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dizziness ; Dyspnea ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors* ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Surveys and Questionnaires