The vestibular system is a sensory motor system concerned with the sensation of linear or angular acceleration, eliciting several vestibular postural reflexes. This study was designed to figure out the functional relationship in vestibulocollic reflex. The electromyographic responses of the cervical muscles were observed during stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canal nerves. The sternomastoid muscle was inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral horizontal canal nerve and excited by stimulation of the contralateral horizontal canal nerve. The splenius capitis muscle was inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral horizontal canal nerve and excited by stimulation of the contralateral canal nerve. The semispinalis capitis revealed same pattern responses as splenius capitis or sternomastoid muscles to stimulation of the horizontal canal nerve. These experimental results indicate that the cervical extensor or flexor muscles respond in a uniform fashion to the stimulated horizontal canal nerve. And taken these results and other morphological study results together, the excitatory neural pathways from the vestibular nucleus in brain stem to cervical motoneurons are crossed to the opposite side but the inhibitory pathways from the nucleus to the cervical motoneurons are uncrossed.
Acceleration ; Animals ; Brain Stem ; Cats* ; Muscles ; Neck Muscles* ; Neck* ; Neural Pathways ; Paraspinal Muscles ; Reflex ; Semicircular Canals* ; Sensation

No abstract available.
Compensation and Redress*

We reviewed the clinical characteristics and surgical results of patients who had consecutive esotropia after exotropia surgery with at least 6 months of follow-up. The number of transient esotropic cases with more than 10 prism diopter postoperatively was 105[9%] in total 1128 cases and persistent esotropic cases at least for six months after surgery was 24[2%]. Significant correlations were found between the development of consecutive esotropia and the presence of amblyopia[p=0.04], poor stereopsis[p=0.02], suppression of the Worth 4-dot test[p<.01], and recession-resction surgery[p=0.02]. The corrective surgery for consecutive esotropia was performed on 12 cases[1.1%] with unilateral lateral rectus advancement[7 cases], bilateral lateral rectus advancement[3 cases], unilateral medial rectus recession[1 case] and bilateral medial rectus recession[1 case]. All of them showed good results.
Esotropia* ; Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans

Cartilage is one of the most commonly manipulated tissue in esthetic and reconstructive surgery. Cartilage has an important role in longitudinal bone growth. Anabolic hormones and locally produced peptide growth factors are known to influence this process Matrix composition changes through proliferation, maturation, and differentiation of chondrocytes, and endochondral ossification thereafter. Defined cartilage matrix is synthesized during the maturation of chondrocytes where the major change is the increment of type II collagen. Variable sulfated mucololysaccharides and hyaluronic acid are also synthesized during this maturation. IGF-I(insulin like growth factor-I), so called somatomedin C, is a prominent growth factor in serum. IGF-I is known to be involved in long growth. IGF-I is affected by pituitary growth hormone. There are few studies done on IGF-I effect in cartilage matrix formation and possible changes of collagen subtypes. This experiment was designed to see the IGF-I effect on the colagen synthesis of cultured chondrocytes. Optimal concentration of IGF-I for the experiment was determined using H3-thymidine incorporation into DNA. The IGF-I effect on collagen synthesis was studied using H3-proline. The IGF-I effect on the synthesis of subtypes of collagen was studied using SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemical staining. Chondrocytes were isolated from the ears of New Zealand white rabbit and cultured in 2 X 10(5) cells/300 microgram density. IGF-I increased DNA synthesis, and optimal concentration of IGF-I was determined by dose-relationship curve as 10ng/ml. Collagen synthesis was increased by IGF-I. Type II collagen was increased on SDS-PAGE with IGF-I and this gel electrophoresis showed type X collagen, also. The increase in type II collagen was confirmed with immunocytochemical staining, the reaction becoming stronger with the addition of IGF-I. Type I collagen was not changed with IGF-I on immunocytochemistry. We conclude that IGE-I is an important modulator influencing not only proliferation and maturation but also terminal different-iation of chondrocytes.
Bone Development ; Cartilage ; Chondrocytes* ; Collagen Type I ; Collagen Type II ; Collagen Type X ; Collagen* ; DNA ; Ear ; Electrophoresis ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Growth Hormone ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; New Zealand

The present study was primarily carried out to characterize the properties of the spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) neurons that project from the upper cervical spinal segments to the midbrain. It was also investigated whether these neurons received convergent afferent inputs from other sources in addition to cervical inputs. Extracellular single unit recordings were made from neurons antidromically activated by stimulation of midbrain. Recording sites were located in lamina IapprxVIII of C1apprxC3 segments of spinal cord. Receptive field (RF) and response properties to mechanical stimulation were studied in 71 SMT neurons. Response profiles were classified into six groups: complex (Comp, n = 9), wide dynamic range (WDR, n = 16), low threshold (LT, n = 5), high threshold (HT, n = 6), deep/tap (Deep, n = 10), and nonresponsive (NR, n = 25). Distributions of stimulation and recording sites were not significantly different between SMT groups classified upon their locations and/or response profiles. Mean conduction velocity of SMT neurons was 16.7 +/- 1.28 m/sec. Conduction velocities of SMTs recorded in superficial dorsal horn (SDH, n = 15) were significantly slower than those of SMTs recorded in deep dorsal horn (DDH, n = 18), lateral reticulated area (LRA, n = 21), and intermediate zone and ventral horn (IZ/HV n = 15). Somatic RFs for SMTs in LRA and IZ/VH were significantly larger than those in SDH and DDH. Five SMT units (4 Comps and 1 HT) had inhibitory somatic RFs. About half (25/46) of SMT units have their RFs over trigeminal dermatome. Excitabilities of 5/12 cells and 9/13 cells were modulated by stimulation of ipsilateral phrenic nerve and vagus nerve, respectively. These results suggest that upper cervical SMT neurons are heterogenous in their function by showing a wide range of variety in location within the spinal gray matter, in response profile, and in convergent afferent input.
Animals ; Cats* ; Horns ; Mesencephalon* ; Neurons* ; Phrenic Nerve ; Spinal Cord ; Vagus Nerve

No abstract available.
Animals ; Cats* ; Submandibular Gland*

Choroidal metastatic carcinoma is very rare. We recently experienced a case of lung adenocarcinoma which presented to the clinic with ocular symptoms. This 57-year-old Korean male patient visited the department of ophthalmology due to decreased visual acuity and pain of the left eye. On MRI scan, a nodule was attached to the retina of the left eyeball. On simple chest radiograph, a large amount of pleural effusion was noted in the left pleural cavity. Emergency enucleation of the left eyeball was done with an impression of malignant melanoma causing an intractable ocular pain. Grossly, the lesion in the eyeball was rising from the choroid. On histologic examination, tumor cells formed many irregular, small gland-like structures. The tumor cells showed alcian blue-positive mucin in the cytoplasm and glandular lumens and were positive for CEA. Chest CT scan was performed postoperatively and showed a huge mass in the left lower lobe and multiple nodular opacities in both lung fields. Bronchoscopic biopsy revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma similar to that of the eyeball.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Biopsy ; Choroid* ; Cytoplasm ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Melanoma ; Middle Aged ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Ophthalmology ; Pleural Cavity ; Pleural Effusion ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Retina ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Visual Acuity

No abstract available.
Brain Edema* ; Brain* ; Meningioma* ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

BACKGROUND: Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is a genetic disorder of the melanin pigment system in which melanin synthesis is reduced or absent in the skin, hair, and eyes. OCA is classified into two major types, and tyrosinase-related OCA can be produced by mutations of the structural gene for tyrosinase enzyme (TYR gene). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the segregation of mutant alleles of the TYR gene in tyrosinase-negative and tyrosinase-positive Korean OCA patients and families. METHODS: We amplified exon I, II, and III of the TYR gene of Korean OCA patients and their families by polymerase chain reactions (PCR), and analyzed the mutations by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis in exon I and single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses in exon II and exon III. RESULTS: Two tyrosinase-negative cases showed mutations in exon I. Four tyrosinase-nega-tive cases and one tyrosinase-positive case showed mutations in exon II, and one tyrosinase-neg- ative case showed mutations in exon III. In summary, we found three kinds of mutation in four tyrosinase-negative OCA patients and one tyrsinase-positive OCA patient. CONCLUSIONS: RFLP and SSCP analysis can provide a basis for a rapid and sensitive screening system to detect TYR gene mutations of Korean OCA patients and their families.
Albinism, Oculocutaneous* ; Alleles ; Exons ; Hair ; Humans ; Korea* ; Mass Screening ; Melanins ; Monophenol Monooxygenase ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational ; Skin

Radiologic chain cystourethrography for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has several disadvantages including the risk of excessive radiation, the time required for the test, and the discomfort of the patients. Nowadays it is widely accepted that transrectal ultrasonography for evaluating bladder and urethra provides similar information about SUI comparing with the conventional radiographic examination. We evaluated the effectiveness of transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of SUI in 30 women with SUI and in normal 20 women as a control. The results of evaluation were as follows: 1. Mean age was 52.9 in SUI group and 48.5 in control group, and mean parity was 2.8 in SUI group and 3 In control group. 2. According to the symptom grading by Stamey, 8 patients (27%) were Grade I and 22 (73%) were Grade II. 3. The mean value of posterior urethrovesical angle (PUVA) at resting state was 139 +/- 14.7 degrees in control group and 145 +/- 15.2 degrees in SUI group (p>0.05). 4. The mean value of PUVA at strain state was 146 +/- 7.9 degrees in control group and 169 +/- 12.1 degrees in SUI group (p<0.05). 5, Bladder neck descent was 7.3 +/- 2.7 mm (mean+/-SD.) in control group and 13.7+/-6.2 mm in SUI group (p<0.05). 6. Diagnostic criteria of SUI in transrectal ultrasonography are more than 149.5 degrees in PUVA at strain state, and more than 9.1 millimeter in bladder neck descent. 7. Sensitivity and specificity of transrectal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of SUI were 86% and 80% in PUVA at strain state, 80% and 80% in bladder neck descent, respectively. 8. There was significant change of transrectal ultrasonographic finding in pre and post-bladder neck suspension (p<0.05). In conclusion, transrectal ultrasonography is simple, non-invasive, not shameful, and free of radiation, so might be a useful diagnostic method in female SUI.
Diagnosis ; Female* ; Humans ; Neck ; Parity ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Shame ; Ultrasonography* ; Urethra ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Incontinence*