The vestibular system is a sensory motor system concerned with the sensation of linear or angular acceleration, eliciting several vestibular postural reflexes. This study was designed to figure out the functional relationship in vestibulocollic reflex. The electromyographic responses of the cervical muscles were observed during stimulation of the horizontal semicircular canal nerves. The sternomastoid muscle was inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral horizontal canal nerve and excited by stimulation of the contralateral horizontal canal nerve. The splenius capitis muscle was inhibited by stimulation of the ipsilateral horizontal canal nerve and excited by stimulation of the contralateral canal nerve. The semispinalis capitis revealed same pattern responses as splenius capitis or sternomastoid muscles to stimulation of the horizontal canal nerve. These experimental results indicate that the cervical extensor or flexor muscles respond in a uniform fashion to the stimulated horizontal canal nerve. And taken these results and other morphological study results together, the excitatory neural pathways from the vestibular nucleus in brain stem to cervical motoneurons are crossed to the opposite side but the inhibitory pathways from the nucleus to the cervical motoneurons are uncrossed.
Acceleration ; Animals ; Brain Stem ; Cats* ; Muscles ; Neck Muscles* ; Neck* ; Neural Pathways ; Paraspinal Muscles ; Reflex ; Semicircular Canals* ; Sensation

No abstract available.
Compensation and Redress*

We reviewed the clinical characteristics and surgical results of patients who had consecutive esotropia after exotropia surgery with at least 6 months of follow-up. The number of transient esotropic cases with more than 10 prism diopter postoperatively was 105[9%] in total 1128 cases and persistent esotropic cases at least for six months after surgery was 24[2%]. Significant correlations were found between the development of consecutive esotropia and the presence of amblyopia[p=0.04], poor stereopsis[p=0.02], suppression of the Worth 4-dot test[p<.01], and recession-resction surgery[p=0.02]. The corrective surgery for consecutive esotropia was performed on 12 cases[1.1%] with unilateral lateral rectus advancement[7 cases], bilateral lateral rectus advancement[3 cases], unilateral medial rectus recession[1 case] and bilateral medial rectus recession[1 case]. All of them showed good results.
Esotropia* ; Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans

Cartilage is one of the most commonly manipulated tissue in esthetic and reconstructive surgery. Cartilage has an important role in longitudinal bone growth. Anabolic hormones and locally produced peptide growth factors are known to influence this process Matrix composition changes through proliferation, maturation, and differentiation of chondrocytes, and endochondral ossification thereafter. Defined cartilage matrix is synthesized during the maturation of chondrocytes where the major change is the increment of type II collagen. Variable sulfated mucololysaccharides and hyaluronic acid are also synthesized during this maturation. IGF-I(insulin like growth factor-I), so called somatomedin C, is a prominent growth factor in serum. IGF-I is known to be involved in long growth. IGF-I is affected by pituitary growth hormone. There are few studies done on IGF-I effect in cartilage matrix formation and possible changes of collagen subtypes. This experiment was designed to see the IGF-I effect on the colagen synthesis of cultured chondrocytes. Optimal concentration of IGF-I for the experiment was determined using H3-thymidine incorporation into DNA. The IGF-I effect on collagen synthesis was studied using H3-proline. The IGF-I effect on the synthesis of subtypes of collagen was studied using SDS-PAGE and immunocytochemical staining. Chondrocytes were isolated from the ears of New Zealand white rabbit and cultured in 2 X 10(5) cells/300 microgram density. IGF-I increased DNA synthesis, and optimal concentration of IGF-I was determined by dose-relationship curve as 10ng/ml. Collagen synthesis was increased by IGF-I. Type II collagen was increased on SDS-PAGE with IGF-I and this gel electrophoresis showed type X collagen, also. The increase in type II collagen was confirmed with immunocytochemical staining, the reaction becoming stronger with the addition of IGF-I. Type I collagen was not changed with IGF-I on immunocytochemistry. We conclude that IGE-I is an important modulator influencing not only proliferation and maturation but also terminal different-iation of chondrocytes.
Bone Development ; Cartilage ; Chondrocytes* ; Collagen Type I ; Collagen Type II ; Collagen Type X ; Collagen* ; DNA ; Ear ; Electrophoresis ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Growth Hormone ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Immunohistochemistry ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I* ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; New Zealand

The present study was primarily carried out to characterize the properties of the spinomesencephalic tract (SMT) neurons that project from the upper cervical spinal segments to the midbrain. It was also investigated whether these neurons received convergent afferent inputs from other sources in addition to cervical inputs. Extracellular single unit recordings were made from neurons antidromically activated by stimulation of midbrain. Recording sites were located in lamina IapprxVIII of C1apprxC3 segments of spinal cord. Receptive field (RF) and response properties to mechanical stimulation were studied in 71 SMT neurons. Response profiles were classified into six groups: complex (Comp, n = 9), wide dynamic range (WDR, n = 16), low threshold (LT, n = 5), high threshold (HT, n = 6), deep/tap (Deep, n = 10), and nonresponsive (NR, n = 25). Distributions of stimulation and recording sites were not significantly different between SMT groups classified upon their locations and/or response profiles. Mean conduction velocity of SMT neurons was 16.7 +/- 1.28 m/sec. Conduction velocities of SMTs recorded in superficial dorsal horn (SDH, n = 15) were significantly slower than those of SMTs recorded in deep dorsal horn (DDH, n = 18), lateral reticulated area (LRA, n = 21), and intermediate zone and ventral horn (IZ/HV n = 15). Somatic RFs for SMTs in LRA and IZ/VH were significantly larger than those in SDH and DDH. Five SMT units (4 Comps and 1 HT) had inhibitory somatic RFs. About half (25/46) of SMT units have their RFs over trigeminal dermatome. Excitabilities of 5/12 cells and 9/13 cells were modulated by stimulation of ipsilateral phrenic nerve and vagus nerve, respectively. These results suggest that upper cervical SMT neurons are heterogenous in their function by showing a wide range of variety in location within the spinal gray matter, in response profile, and in convergent afferent input.
Animals ; Cats* ; Horns ; Mesencephalon* ; Neurons* ; Phrenic Nerve ; Spinal Cord ; Vagus Nerve

No abstract available.
Animals ; Cats* ; Submandibular Gland*

It is the purpose of this study to compare the postoperative results of 168 patients with exotropia of basic and simulated divergence excess type over 40 prism diopters; 86 patients had bilateral rectus muscle recessions and 82 patients underwent lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection. The patients in the former group had averaged 13.7 years of age and 8.2 months of postoperative follow-up period. Those in the latter group averaged 22.9 years and had been followed up for 7.1 months. The postoperative success rates are as follows: 66.7%(57/86) in the bilateral rectus muscle recession group and 68.1%(58/82) in the lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection group(P>0.05). And the success rates of those older than 16 years without amblyopia are 60.0%(18/30) in the former group and 75.0%(24/32) in the latter group(P>0.05). The lateral rectus muscle recession and medial rectus muscle resection group showed somewhat higher rates of success even though it proved statistically insignificant.
Amblyopia ; Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans

No abstract available.
Brain Edema* ; Brain* ; Meningioma* ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A*

Choroidal metastatic carcinoma is very rare. We recently experienced a case of lung adenocarcinoma which presented to the clinic with ocular symptoms. This 57-year-old Korean male patient visited the department of ophthalmology due to decreased visual acuity and pain of the left eye. On MRI scan, a nodule was attached to the retina of the left eyeball. On simple chest radiograph, a large amount of pleural effusion was noted in the left pleural cavity. Emergency enucleation of the left eyeball was done with an impression of malignant melanoma causing an intractable ocular pain. Grossly, the lesion in the eyeball was rising from the choroid. On histologic examination, tumor cells formed many irregular, small gland-like structures. The tumor cells showed alcian blue-positive mucin in the cytoplasm and glandular lumens and were positive for CEA. Chest CT scan was performed postoperatively and showed a huge mass in the left lower lobe and multiple nodular opacities in both lung fields. Bronchoscopic biopsy revealed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma similar to that of the eyeball.
Adenocarcinoma* ; Biopsy ; Choroid* ; Cytoplasm ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lung* ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Melanoma ; Middle Aged ; Mucins ; Neoplasm Metastasis* ; Ophthalmology ; Pleural Cavity ; Pleural Effusion ; Radiography, Thoracic ; Retina ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Visual Acuity

Accelerated acute rejection(AAR) is a rare condition and has a poor prognosis in graft survival following renal transplantation. To elucidate its characteristics, we analysed 14 cases(5.0%) of AAR among 279 renal transplantation. AAR is defined as a condition in which immediate postoperative urine output is good followed by decreased urine output and increase of serum creatinine level within 7 days after transplantation. The incidence of AAR was more prevalent in cadaveric donors than living donors. One year graft survival was inferior in AAR, namely 8 out 14 cases(57%), than that of the patients without AAR(95.1%). Among the factors affecting graft survival in AAR, age and sex of both donor and recipient, donor condition such as living or cadaveric donor, and preoperative HLA matching had no relevance to a graft survival. Time of onset of AAR has no effect on graft survival either. Postoperative donor lymphocytotoxic test showed positive result in one out of 3 patient despite of all negative findings in the preoperative crossmatching test. Histologic finding such as vasculitis on renal biopsy was related to graft survival. Response of treatment was 55% in initial solumedrol pulse therapy and 20% in secondary OKT3 treatment, with an overall effect of 57%. Rerejection developed in 4 out of 8 cases of graft survival group while all cases showed a good function at post operative two years. Graft survival following AAR remains low and AAR is one of the main cause of graft loss following renal transplantation. To illustrate its characteristics, more clinical analysis are required.
Allografts* ; Biopsy ; Cadaver ; Creatinine ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Incidence ; Kidney Transplantation ; Living Donors ; Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate ; Muromonab-CD3 ; Prognosis ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants ; Vasculitis