The fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytologic findings in 16 cases of histologically confirmed thymoma are reported. The aspirates were obtained under fluoroscopic guidance. The cytologic diagnoses were inadequate sample in one case, thymoma in 12 (75%), small cell carcinoma or thymoma in 1, benign mesenchymal tumor in 1, and germ cell tumor in one. The cytologic features were detailed according to the constituent epithelial cell type, and to the ratio of epithelial cells and lymphocytes. Fifteen cases were classified into 4 small epithelial cell type, 6 intermediate epithelial cell type, 1 large epithelial cell type, 1 large pleomorphic epithelial cell type, and 3 spindle-shaped epithelial cell type. Cytologic differential diagnosis was discussed, and the important criteria for the cytologic diagnosis of thymoma were reviewed. This review leads us to think that nonoperative cytologic approaches in the diagnosis of the thymoma are possible, and that correct cytologic diagnosis of thymoma with FNAs can easily be made, if adequate samples are obtained. However, the invasiveness and histologic type could not be predicted by cytological features only. Knowing various cytologic and histologic features of thymoma will be helpful for the diagnosis of thymoma and the differential diagnosis of mediastinal tumors.
Diagnosis, Differential

No abstract available.
Nephritis, Hereditary*

No abstract available.

Obesity is an important risk factor for metabolic disease and various cancers. Treatments of obesity include lifestyle intervention, pharmacotherapy, and bariatric surgery. If weight loss with lifestyle intervention is only modest, pharmacotherapy might be needed. Pharmacotherapy agents can be grouped by treatment period as short term or long term use agent. Several sympathomimetic drugs such as benzphetamine, diethylpropion, phendimetrazine and phentermine, are approved for short term treatment due to their safety issues. For long term treatment, orlistat, lorcaserin, and combination of phentermine/topiramate are approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Orlistat partially blocks intestinal digestion of fat, therefore producing weight loss. Lorcaserin is a serotonin 2C receptor agonist. The combination of phentermine/topiramate produces a mean weight loss of 8-10 kg. Side effects of each drug are quite different. For obesity patient, side effects are important factor when choosing drugs. The goal of this article is to review currently available anti-obesity drugs.
Anti-Obesity Agents ; Bariatric Surgery ; Benzphetamine ; Diethylpropion ; Digestion ; Drug Therapy* ; Humans ; Life Style ; Metabolic Diseases ; Obesity* ; Phentermine ; Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C ; Risk Factors ; Sympathomimetics ; United States Food and Drug Administration ; Weight Loss

A retrospective study on computed tomographic (CT) findings in 35 surgically confirmed cases of common bile duct stones was performed to analyze the characteristic CT findings. Choledocholithiasis was correctly diagnosed by CT in 33 our of 35 cases(sensitivity, 94.3%) and among these CT demonstrated calculi of high attenuation in 32 and of soft tissue density in one case. The thirty two included 23 totally calcified, 5 rim calcified and 4 laminated stones. The target sign was observed in 30 out of 33 CT positive cases (90.1%). We concluded that CT is an accurate modality in the diagnosis of common bile duct stones with its' reliable display of the calcified or the laminated stone itself and its' characteristic target sign.
Bile* ; Calculi ; Choledocholithiasis ; Common Bile Duct ; Diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies

Antianginal effect of Trapidil was evaluated in 30 patients (18 male and 12 females) with angina rectoris. The results were follows : 1) Antianginal effect of the drug were good in 18 cases (60%) and fair in 8 cases (37%), and there was no effect in 4 cases(13%). 2) Improvement in ECG changes was observed in 29%. 3) There were no significant change in CBC, RUA, LFT, serum electrolyte and lipid study before and after medication. 4) The adverse effects of trapidil were constipation, gastric cramp and dizziness, respectively one case. But they were not required discontinuing the medicetion. On the basis of these results, Trapidol was evaluated to be promising antianginal drug.
Constipation ; Dizziness ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle Cramp ; Trapidil*

The primary treatment goal of torticollis is to prevent the craniofacial deformities, limitation of neck movements and long-term postural changes. In order to offer precise guidelines for the treatment of torticollis regarding the cosmetic and functional results, we analyzed 99 torticollis children retrospectively for the ages at diagnosis and the start of treatment, the duration of treatment, the problems at first visitation, and the size of sternocleidomastoid mass. These patients visited the department of rehabilitation medicine, Holy Family Hospital from April 1991 to June 1997. The results showed that there was no relation between the number of problems at first visitation and the age at the start of treatment, but the group with 1 problem had a significantly shorter duration of treatment than the groups with more than 4 problems. The ages at diagnosis and at the start of treatment for the patients with a palpable neck mass were younger than those of the patients without a neck mass. The duration of treatment was longer for the patients with a larger size of mass by the ultrasonography of the neck. The ages at diagnosis and at the start of treatment, and the duration of treatment were all younger and shorter in the cosmetically satisfactory group than those of the cosmeticlly unsatisfactory group. However there was no significant difference between the functionally satisfactory group and unsatisfactory group in the ages at diagnosis and at the start of treatment, and the duration of treatment. In conclusion, when the treatment of torticollis was started early, especially at less than 3 months old, better cosmetic results were obtained, even though functional results were relatively satisfactory by the proper rehabilitation treatments. We want to emphasize that it is important to detect and treat the torticollis as early as possible for the better cosmetic results.
Child* ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Infant ; Neck ; Rehabilitation* ; Retrospective Studies ; Torticollis* ; Ultrasonography

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is usually developed after infection, metastatic cancer or complicated pregnancy. We experienced a case of infertile woman with adenomyosis, who had not been predisposed any common risk factors but had acute DIC during menstruation after controlled ovarian stimulation. The patient received anticoagulation therapy with supplementation of coagulation factors, followed by surgical removal of uterus 3 months later. We assumed that DIC resulted from rapidly aggravated lesion during controlled ovarian stimulation and massive intramuscular hemorrhage during menstruation. So, we report the case with brief review of literatures.
Adenomyosis ; Blood Coagulation Factors ; Dacarbazine ; Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infertility ; Menstruation ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Uterus

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a new clomiphene citrate (CC) regimen on preventing thin endometrial lining in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients receiving CC plus gonadotropin treatment with a timed intercourse cycle. METHODS: A total of 114 women with PCOS were included in this trial. Patients were divided into two groups and treated in accordance with the controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) protocol. In group A, 104 COS cycles in 67 patients were included, and in each cycle 150 mg CC was given for three days, starting from day 3. In group B, 69 COS cycles in 47 patients were included, in which 100 mg CC was given for five days, starting from day 3. The thickness of the endometrium was measured on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection. Timed intercourse was recommended at 24 and 48 hours after the hCG injection. RESULTS: Additional doses of human menopausal gonadotropin and the number of days of hCG administration were not significantly different between the two groups. Endometrial thickness on the day of hCG administration was significantly larger in group A than group B (9.4+/-2.1 mm vs. 8.5+/-1.7 mm, p=0.004). The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in group A than in group B (38.4% vs. 21.7%, p=0.030). CONCLUSION: Three-day CC treatment resulted in a significantly higher pregnancy rate than the standard five-day CC treatment in a timed intercourse cycle in PCOS patients. Facilitating adequate endometrial growth via the early discontinuation of CC might be a crucial factor in achieving a higher pregnancy rate.
Chorionic Gonadotropin ; Clomiphene* ; Endometrium ; Female ; Gonadotropins* ; Humans ; Ovulation Induction ; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome* ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate

This paper presented a case of athyrotic cretinism in a 4 months old female infant. Durring neonatal 7 period she suffered from prolonged jaundice for about 50 days On admission, elinical manifestations suggesting of hypothyroidism were umbilical hernia, feeding problems due to large tongue, respiratory difficulty, lethargy and skin changes Roengenogram of the long bone series revealed the absence of epiphyseal centers of capitates and hamates in the hands, and cuboids in the feet. Thyroid function test also showed 6.5% and 4.1% at 6 hours and 24 hours after I131 uptake respectively, and T 3 value of 25.1ug/dl and T4 of 3.0ug/dl. On thyroid scan, no evidence of activity of thyroid gland was noted. Complete absence of thyroid tissues on autopsy of this baby confirmed the diagnosis of athyrotic cretinism. The review of the literature Concerning the Congenital hypothyroidism were made briefly.
Autopsy ; Congenital Hypothyroidism* ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Foot ; Hand ; Hernia, Umbilical ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism ; Infant ; Jaundice ; Lethargy ; Skin ; Thyroid Function Tests ; Thyroid Gland ; Tongue