No Abstract Available.
Allografts* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction* ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament* ; Tendons*

We investigate the serial change of the bone density of the lengthening sites in distraction osteogenesis in long bone lengthening of the lower extremity by measuring the pixel value of the PACS(Picture Archiving Communication System). The purpose of this study was to find the clinical implication of the pixel value in PACS in the distraction osteogenesis. The number of the distraction sites were 22 in tibia and 16 in femur. The average distraction length was 4.5cm ranged between 2.1cm and 7.0cm in femur, 4.1cm ranged hetween 1.9cm and 6.8cm in tibia. When the image were sent to the PACS workstations, they were directly interfaced to the workstation without any processing. The absolute and the relati ve pixel values of cortical bones of the original and the lengthening sites repr sented in workstation of PACS were obtained by average value measuring 3 times by 3 different persons. The average absoiute pixel value of the original cortical bone near distraction site was not significantly changed, maintaining 575+/-6 in femur, and 570+/-7 in tibia. The absolute pixel vaIues in AP and lateral view were not significantly changed until 6 week/cm, but rapidly increased after 7 week/cm hoth in the tibia and the femur. The relative pixel value of the lengthening sites were more than 95% in three of the four cortices at the time of the removal of the external fixators. in conclusion, the pixel value of the PACS can be a rapid, simple and easy method for detection of the change of the bone density in distraction osteogenesis.
Bone Density* ; Bone Lengthening* ; External Fixators ; Femur ; Humans ; Lower Extremity* ; Osteogenesis, Distraction* ; Tibia

No abstract available.
Pre-Eclampsia*

Peptic ulcer can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract that contact with acid and pepsin. But usually peptic ulcer occurs at the stomach and duodenum and the location of peptic ulcer are localized to specific area within the stomach and duodenum. So I think that predilection of peptic ulcer to localized area may have clue for releaving the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer. So I studied the location of peptic ulcer for the basic reserch of ulcer pathogenesis by means of dividing stomach into antrum, angle, lower body, middle body, upper body and lesser curvature, anterior wall, greater curvature, posterior wall and duodenum into anterior wall, lesser curvature, posterior wall, and greater curvature. The results obtained were as follows: 1) The chronic gastric ulcer was most common in the angle of lesser curvature (22.9%) and second common in the antrum of lesser curvature (22.3%). 2) The location of chronic and acute gastric ulcer was similar. 3) The proximal migration of ulcer site according to increasing age was not observed. 4) Chronic duodenal ulcer was occurred commonly in the lesser curvature (41.8%) and anterior wall (38.3%). 5) As the age increase, the incidence of chronic duodenal ulcer in the lesser curvature was increased and that of chronic duodemal ulcer in the anterior wall was decreased. 6) Acute ulcer of stomach and duodenum has no predilection site.
Duodenal Ulcer ; Duodenum ; Gastrointestinal Tract ; Incidence ; Pepsin A ; Peptic Ulcer* ; Stomach ; Stomach Ulcer ; Ulcer

BACKGROUND: Complete clearance of the lesions by using calcipotriol alone have not been re-ported commonly in the treatment of psoriatic patients. Moreover, lesional and perilesional irritation are reported in some patients using calcipotriol, which may result in premature termination of the treatment due to impairing the compliance. OBJECTIVE: A clinical study was conducted to determine whether, in the topical treatment of psoriasis, a combination of calcipotriol cream and methylprednisolone aceponate was more effective than calcipotriol monotherapy. METHODS: Twenty-one psoriasis patients who had the symmetric lesions on the right and left lower legs were enrolled in the study. A combination of calcipotriol cream and methylprednisolone aceponate therapy was done on the left lower legs, whereas calcipotriol alone was applied on the right lower legs twice daily. PASI score and adverse events were recorded at each visit (1, 2, 3, 4, 6 week). The overall therapeutic result was also assessed by the physician and patients. RESULTS: The initial PASI score was 7.09 on both legs. After 6 weeks, the mean PASI score was 3.85 on the left leg, and 5.70 on the right leg (p<0.05). In the physicianOs global assessment, the percentage of patients who showed the improvement of more than half of lesions was 29% in the monotherapy and 62% in the combination therapy area. Two patients complained of mild itching sense on monotherapy, but there was no specific side effect on combination area. CONCLUSION: The combination therapy was more effective, as assessed by all evaluated variables. Furthermore, this combination reduces the adverse effects caused by long-term use of topical corticosterois as well as the irritation associated with. calcipotriol.
Compliance ; Humans ; Leg ; Methylprednisolone* ; Pruritus ; Psoriasis*

As upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy has been more widely used for the diagnosis and treatment of upper gastrointestinal diseases, some complications such as bleeding, perforation, arrhythmia, aspiration pneumonia, infection, and drug reaction of premedication were reported. Also a few case of salivary gland swelling complicated by endoscopy was described, but the precise mechanism of this benign complication is not well-known. The hypothesized mechanisms for salivary gland swelling are 1) air distension of blind branchial cleft remmants, 2) compression of its duct between the mylohyoid and hyoglossus muscles from pressure above, during a time of increased salivary flow from oral stimulation, 3) forward and downward dislocation of gland by the force that occurs when endoscope pushes the tongue, and 4) reaction to topical anesthesia less likely. Here we report 5 cases of salivary galnd swelling with a review of the literature, explaining possible mechanism of each case.
Anesthesia ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Branchial Region ; Diagnosis ; Dislocations ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy* ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Hemorrhage ; Muscles ; Pneumonia, Aspiration ; Premedication ; Salivary Glands* ; Tongue

The adult worm and plerocercoid larva(sparganum) of Diphyllobothrium mansoni and Moniezia expansa employed in this experiment. The adult worms were divided into three portions, i.e. immature, mature and gravid proglottids, and each proglottids were incubated in 50 cc or 250 cc volume of special incubation flasks with incubation medium consisting of 10 cc of 25 cc of Krebs-Ringer phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The incubation medium was added C(14)-acetate and non-radioactive carrier Na-acetate so as to contain acetate concentration of 50 mg per cent. The worms were allowed to incubate for 5 hours in the Dubnoff metabolic shaking incubator at 38 C. After incubation period, the lactate and pyruvate appearance rate, total CO(2) production tate, the turnover rates were employed as pervious report(Seo et al., 1965). The quantitative analysis of C(14)-acetate utilized by the adult worm and plerocercoid larva of D. mansoni and M. expansa were compared and discussed in this report. According to these data of the experiment, it is impressed that the fatty acid such as acetate may play a role of major part of their metabolism in the adult worm and plerocercoid larva of D. mansoni , whereas minor part of acetate participated in the metabolism by M. expansa.
parasitology ; helminth ; cestoda ; Diphyllobothrium mansoni ; Moniezia expansa ; sparganum ; acetate ; metabolism ; biochemistry ; acetate ; CO(2) ; Krebs Ringer phosphate buffer

BACKGROUND: Clonidine, an alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist, has been known to have antinociceptive and antiallodynic effects. The antinociceptive and antiallodynic effects of brimonidine, a new selective alpha2 agonist, have not been evaluated yet in rats. Behavioral tests were performed to investigate the effects of systemically and spinally administered brimonidine on nociception and mechanical allodynia and the effect of spinal nerve ligation (SNL) on antinociception. METHODS: Rats were prepared with tight ligation of spinal nerves and/or a lumbar intrathecal catheter implantation. Using a hot plate (HP) test or von Frey hair (VFH) test, the effect of intraperitoneal (I.P.) and intrathecal (I.T.) brimonidine in normal and SNL rats were examined. I.P. brimonidine (100 - 1,000 microgram) and I.T. brimonidine (0.1 - 3.0 microgram) were given to examine the antinociceptive effect on an HP test. After a SNL, a HP test was conducted at the same doses of brimonidine to compare with the preoperative state. I.T. brimonidine (0.03 - 3.0 microgram) and saline (control) were administered to examine the antiallodynic effect in SNL rats. In addition, an antagonistic study with yohimbine 1.0 mg/kg I.P. was performed to investigate the reversal of the antiallodynic effect of brimonidine. Allodynic thresholds for lesioned hindpaw withdrawl to a VFH test were assessed and converted to %MPE. RESULTS: I.P. brimonidine produced an antinociceptive effect, and I.T. brimonidine also produced a significant antinociceptive effect (P < 0.05). After an SNL, I.T. brimonidine produced a dose-dependent antinocicpetive effect. In addition, I.T. brimonidine produced a dose-dependent antiallodynic effect which is antagonized by yohimbine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that brimonidine has a more potent antiallodynic effect when given intrathecally.
Adrenergic Agonists* ; Animals ; Catheters ; Clonidine ; Hair ; Hyperalgesia ; Ligation ; Nociception ; Rats ; Spinal Nerves ; Yohimbine ; Brimonidine Tartrate

BACKGROUND: Clonidine, an alpha2 adrenoceptor agonist, has been known to have an antiallodynic effect in many animal and human studies. Clonidine, however, acts on imidazoline receptors as well as alpha2 adrenoceptors. Recently, the effect of clonidine on the symapthetic nervous system was reported to be mediated via the activation of the imidazoline receptor system but not the alpha2 adrenergic receptor system. Therefore, we conducted a behavioral test to investigate the effects of alpha2 adrenoceptors and imidazoline receptors on mechanical allodynia in rats with spinal nerve ligation (SNL) injury. METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with tight ligation of the left lumbar 5th and 6th spinal nerves and chronic lumbar intrathecal catheter implantation for drug administration. Using a von Frey hair (VFH) test, we examined the effects of intrathecal (IT) brimonidine (0.03 - 3 microgram), clonidine (3 - 10 microgram), and rilmenidine (1 - 30 microgram) in SNL rats. Measurements of the baseline value VFH test was conducted at each dose to compare with the preoperative state. In addition, an antagonistic study with rauwolscine or yohimbine was performed to investigate the reversal of antiallodynic effects of each agonist. Allodynic thresholds for the withdrawal response of the left lesioned hindpaw to VFH stimuli were assessed and converted to %MPE. RESULTS: The antiallodynic effects of brimonidine, clonidine, and rilmenidine were produced in a dose dependent manner. The antiallodynic effects of IT brimonidine but not rilmenidine were significantly antagonized by alpha2 antgonists rauwolscine and yohimbine (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that mechanical allodynia produced by a SNL injury is reduced by an imidazoline receptor agonist as well as alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonists and sympathetic activation is more likely mediated by spinal imidazoline receptors.
Adrenergic Agonists ; Animals ; Catheters ; Clonidine ; Hair ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia* ; Imidazoline Receptors* ; Ligation* ; Male ; Nervous System ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Adrenergic* ; Spinal Nerves ; Yohimbine ; Brimonidine Tartrate

BACKGROUND: Although the efficacy of morphine in a neuropathic pain state is somewhat controversial, intrathecally administered morphine reversed the mechanical allodynia in a previous animal study. Using a behavioral test, we investigated the mechanism of the antiallodynic action of intrathecal morphine by administering opioids, alpha2 adrenergic and cholinergic receptor antagonists in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by a spinal nerve ligation injury. METHODS: Male Sprague Dawley rats were prepared with a tight ligation of the left lumbar 5th and 6th spinal nerves and insertion of a chronic lumbar intrathecal catheter. Morphine 1 microgram was administered intrathecally to attenuate the mechanical allodynia. Naloxone 10 microgram, yohimbine 30 microgram, prazosin 30 microgram, atropine 10 microgram, pirenzepine 10 microgram, and methoctramine 10 microgram was administered intrathecally before and after the injection of morphine in order to investigate the reversal of an increased allodynic threshold by morphine. The allodynic thresholds for the left hindpaw withdrawal to von Frey hairs were assessed and converted to %MPE. RESULTS: A reduction of mechanical allodynia by intrathecal morphine was produced. Naloxone pretreatment, but not posttreatment, reversed the antiallodynic effect of intrathecal morphine (P < 0.01). All alpha2 adrenergic and cholinergic receptor antagonists used here did not reverse it. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the reversal mechanism of mechanical allodynia by intrathecal morphine appears to be mediated mostly by the opioid receptor system, but not the alpha2 adrenergic and cholinergic receptor systems, at the spinal level in a rat model of a spinal nerve ligation injury.
Analgesics, Opioid ; Animals ; Atropine ; Catheters ; Cholinergic Antagonists ; Hair ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Ligation* ; Male ; Models, Animal ; Morphine* ; Naloxone ; Neuralgia* ; Pirenzepine ; Prazosin ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid ; Spinal Nerves* ; Yohimbine