BACKGROUND: Morphine has a direct action on morphine receptors in the brain and spinal cord. Intrathecally administered L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, is known to have an antinociceptive effect on formalin-induced pain in animal studies. Efficacy of intrathecally administered ketorolac, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, is somewhat controversial. The interactions of intrathecally administered morphine, ketorolac and L-NAME on formalin-induced nociception was studied. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with chronic lumbar intrathecal catheters and were tested for paw flinch by a formalin injection. Drugs were intrathecally administered 15 min before the formalin injection, and biphasic painful behaviors were observed. We obtained the ED50 for each agent (ketorolac, L-NAME and morphine). ED50 fractions (1, 1/2 and 1/4) of drug combinations of L-NAME-ketorolac, morphine-L-NAME and ketorolac-morphine were administered. The ED50 of each combined drug was established and isobolographic analysis of the drug interactions was carried out. RESULTS: Intrathecal administration of ketorolac, L-NAME and morphine produced a dose-dependent suppression of pain behaviors in phase 2. ED50 values were 297.04micro gram for ketorolac, 207.46micro gram for L-NAME and 0.17micro gram for morphine in phase 2. Isobolographic analysis showed that the combination of intrathecal morphine and L-NAME synergistically reduced pain behaviors in phase 2. CONCLUSIONS: Intrathecally administered morphine, L-NAME and ketorolac produced a dose-dependent decrease in the number of paw flinches in both phase 1 and phase 2 on the formalin test. Morphine with L-NAME showed synergistic analgesic effects on formalin-induced pain in phase 2.
Animals ; Brain ; Catheters ; Drug Combinations ; Drug Interactions ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Ketorolac* ; Male ; Morphine* ; NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester* ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nociception ; Pain Measurement ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid, mu ; Spinal Cord

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of and errors in citation of references in articles from the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology (KJA) from the first application of the present contribution rules (1996) to 1998 and to suggest a clue to improve the quality of our journal. METHODS: All references cited from KJA were reviewed using a computerized searching system. If any differences are found during the review, we compare it with the original article. Errors on the contribution rules were examined according to the instructions for the authors revised in 1995. RESULTS: Overall 74% of the articles had more than one reference cited from KJA. The average number of the references cited from KJA per article was 1.73. In such references, citation errors were found in 48% of articles published in 1996, 44% in 1997, and 43% in 1998. The percentages of general errors and errors involving the contribution rules were 62% and 38%, respectively. Common general errors were found in titles (164 cases), pages (102 cases), and name (60 cases). Those involving the contribution rules found in the notation of name (120 cases), pages (54 cases), and inadequate notation of the number of issue (49 cases). CONCLUSIONS: Despite numerous efforts, the incidence of citation errors was still high when the articles of KJA were cited as references. Improvement in the quality of our journal will be possible only by rigid adherence to contribution rules, thorough review of the articles, and a lucid explanation of contribution rules.
Anesthesiology* ; Incidence

The incidence of airway difficulty in the general surgical population varies greatly depending on the degree of airway difficulty. Much of the anesthesia related morbidity attributable to managing a difficult airway comes from an interurruption of gas exchange (hypoxia and hypercarbia) which may cause cardiovascular instability and brain damage. Most airway catastrophes ocurrs when possible difficulty with the airway was not recognized. Although fiberoptic intubation is reliable method in patients with difficult airways, there are many cases of difficulty in visualizing the structure of the larynx with conventional fiberoptic technique due to copious secretion, swelling and hemorrhage in the pharyngeal cavity. Recently, we experienced a success in difficult tracheal intubation with LMA in the 27 year old male patient diagnosed ankylosing spondylitis. We hope that using a #4 LMA as a conduit for 6.0 mm cuffed endotracheal tube with the aid of fiberscope attached to the video camera system would be an alternative method for difficult intubation.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General* ; Blood Pressure* ; Brain ; Clonidine* ; Epinephrine ; Heart Rate* ; Heart* ; Hemodynamics ; Hemorrhage ; Hope ; Humans ; Incidence ; Intubation* ; Larynx ; Male ; Norepinephrine ; Plasma* ; Skin ; Spondylitis, Ankylosing ; Succinylcholine ; Thiopental

STUDY DESIGN: A radiological analysis of the sagittal balance in younger and older aged volunteers. OBJECTIVES: To determine the normal range of the sagittal spinal alignment, and define significant spinopelvic compensations over the hip axis for the sagittal balance with aging. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Normative data of the sagittal spinal alignment has wide variation and limited clinical usefulness. In addition, the extent to which the "normal"sagittal spinal contour changes with aging remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were an age between 20 and 29 years (n=50), group A, and between 55 and 65 years (n=50), group B, for the asymptomatic subjects. Measurements made on the standing lateral radiographs included the following: thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis and sagittal vertical axis. In addition, measurements of the sacropelvic translation, spinopelvic balance, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilting and sacral slope were made. RESULTS: The average thoracic kyphosis was 24 degrees, ranging from 3 to 42 degrees, in group A, and 33 degrees, ranging from 9 to 53 degrees, in group B (p<0.001). The average lumbar lordosis was -47 degrees, ranging from -65 to -23 degrees, and -51 degrees, ranging from -69 to -33 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p>0.05). The C7 plumb line, on average, fell 15.4 mm more anteriorly to the posterosuperior corner of S1 in group B than in group A (p<0.05). The anterior positioning of the C7 was also positively correlated with decreasing lordosis (p<0.001). The average sacropelvic translation was -41mm, ranging from -76 to 20 mm, and -48 mm, ranging from -76 to -17 mm, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). The average spinopelvic balance was -57 mm, ranging from -104 to -4 mm, and -49 mm, ranging from -101 to -3 mm, in groups A and B, respectively. The C7 plumb line fell posterior to the hip axis in all cases. The average pelvic incidence was 46 degrees, ranging from 30 to 61 degrees, and 54 degrees, ranging from 28 to 76 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). The average pelvic tilt was 14 degrees, ranging from 4 to 33 degrees, and 19 degrees, ranging from 3 to 37 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). The average sacral slope was 32 degrees, ranging from 17 to 47 degrees, and 35 degrees, ranging from 25 to 50 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). There was significant correlation between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The sagittal spinal balance is maintained by spinopelvic compensations over the hip axis with aging, and sacropelvic parameters over the hip axis are important for the evaluation of the sagittal spinal balance.
Aging ; Animals ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Hip ; Incidence ; Kyphosis ; Lordosis ; Pelvis ; Reference Values ; Volunteers*

STUDY DESIGN: A radiological analysis of the sagittal balance in younger and older aged volunteers. OBJECTIVES: To determine the normal range of the sagittal spinal alignment, and define significant spinopelvic compensations over the hip axis for the sagittal balance with aging. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Normative data of the sagittal spinal alignment has wide variation and limited clinical usefulness. In addition, the extent to which the "normal"sagittal spinal contour changes with aging remains unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were an age between 20 and 29 years (n=50), group A, and between 55 and 65 years (n=50), group B, for the asymptomatic subjects. Measurements made on the standing lateral radiographs included the following: thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis and sagittal vertical axis. In addition, measurements of the sacropelvic translation, spinopelvic balance, pelvic incidence, pelvic tilting and sacral slope were made. RESULTS: The average thoracic kyphosis was 24 degrees, ranging from 3 to 42 degrees, in group A, and 33 degrees, ranging from 9 to 53 degrees, in group B (p<0.001). The average lumbar lordosis was -47 degrees, ranging from -65 to -23 degrees, and -51 degrees, ranging from -69 to -33 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p>0.05). The C7 plumb line, on average, fell 15.4 mm more anteriorly to the posterosuperior corner of S1 in group B than in group A (p<0.05). The anterior positioning of the C7 was also positively correlated with decreasing lordosis (p<0.001). The average sacropelvic translation was -41mm, ranging from -76 to 20 mm, and -48 mm, ranging from -76 to -17 mm, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). The average spinopelvic balance was -57 mm, ranging from -104 to -4 mm, and -49 mm, ranging from -101 to -3 mm, in groups A and B, respectively. The C7 plumb line fell posterior to the hip axis in all cases. The average pelvic incidence was 46 degrees, ranging from 30 to 61 degrees, and 54 degrees, ranging from 28 to 76 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). The average pelvic tilt was 14 degrees, ranging from 4 to 33 degrees, and 19 degrees, ranging from 3 to 37 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). The average sacral slope was 32 degrees, ranging from 17 to 47 degrees, and 35 degrees, ranging from 25 to 50 degrees, in groups A and B, respectively (p<0.05). There was significant correlation between pelvic incidence and lumbar lordosis (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The sagittal spinal balance is maintained by spinopelvic compensations over the hip axis with aging, and sacropelvic parameters over the hip axis are important for the evaluation of the sagittal spinal balance.
Aging ; Animals ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Hip ; Incidence ; Kyphosis ; Lordosis ; Pelvis ; Reference Values ; Volunteers*

BACKGROUND: Epidural administration of morphine is a common method for postoperative analgesia in the lower abdominal surgery, but many complications can be produced. Since the pfannenstial incision lies within L1 dermatome, bilateral ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerve blocks(IINB) should provide analgesia after surgery through that incision. METHODS: Forty patients undergoing cesarean delivery or total abdominal hysterectomy(TAH) through a pfannenstiel incision were randomly assigned to one of two groups: epidural morphine group(n=20) received 3 mg of morphine epidurally after surgery with epidural anesthesia; IINB group(n=20) performed IINB with 0.5% bupivacaine, 10 ml to each side after surgery with general anesthesia. Visual analogue scale(VAS) scores at resting and moving state, and complications were checked at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours after surgery. RESULTS: Postoperative VAS scores did not show significant differences between the two groups at rest after 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 hours and at moving state after 0, 2, 4 hours, but IINB group had less pain with movement than epidural morphine group at 8, 12, 24 hours after surgery(p<0.05). The incidence of pruritus was rare in IINB group(P<.05), but incidences of other complications were not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: IINB is effective for analgesia after surgery through a pfannenstiel incision because of a lower incidence of complications and less postoperative pain with movement than epidural morphine, and can be performed to patients who have contraindications and difficulty for epidural analgesia.
Analgesia* ; Analgesia, Epidural ; Analgesics ; Anesthesia, Epidural ; Anesthesia, General ; Bupivacaine ; Humans ; Incidence ; Morphine ; Nerve Block* ; Pain, Postoperative ; Pruritus

No abstract available.
Anesthesia, Epidural* ; Diuresis*

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of midazolam on the propofol-induced involuntary movements, pain on injection, the maintenance dose of propofol, and recovery characteristics. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized study, 30 children (2 8 yr of age, ASA physical status I or II) undergoing short duration of ENT procedures received midazolam 0.06 mg/kg (Group M) or an equal volume of placebo (Group P) intravenously 3 min before the injection of propofol. At induction of anesthesia an independent anesthesiologist graded the incidence, severity of involuntary movements, and pain on injection. RESULTS: Both groups were similar in age, sex, weight, propofol dose, duration of surgery and anesthesia. Incidence of involuntary movements showed no significant difference between two groups. But, there were significant difference in severity between two groups (P < 0.05). There was significant decrease in pain on injection in group M than group P and no significant differences in open eyes on command, time to extubation and time to discharge. CONCLUSION: Our result demonstrated that midazolam 60 microgram/kg compared with placebo did not reduce the incidence of involuntary movement, but reduced the severity of involuntary movement without delayed recovery. And there was significant reduction of pain on injection in midazolam 60 microgram/kg administration.
Anesthesia ; Child ; Dyskinesias* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Midazolam* ; Propofol

Now that open-heart surgery in children has become commonplace, one of the most spectacular operations in the pediatric population is the separation of conjoined twins. Anesthesia for the separation of conjoined twins requires a multidisciplinary team approach. We describe the anesthetic management of a single-stage separation of 2-month-old thoraco- xiphopagus tetrapus conjoined twins as a first case in Korea. The successful 3.25-hour operation was conducted by 6 anesthetists, 6 surgeons and 7 nurses. No any problems were encountered in the perioperative period.
Anesthesia* ; Child ; Humans ; Infant ; Korea ; Perioperative Period ; Twins, Conjoined*

BACKGROUND: In this study, we assessed the 50% effective concentration (EC50) of sevoflurane for reducing a rocuronium-induced reaction, based on the Dixon's up-and-down method. We also assessed the 50 and 95% effective end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (ETsev), based on the probit regression curve of the probability of nonwithdrawal reaction. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, double-blind study in 23 males and 24 females. After using 2.5% thiopental sodium (4 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced in the patients. The patients then inhaled sevoflurane with 5 vol% in 6 L/min of oxygen. When the target ETsev was achieved, a nurse injected the intubating dose of rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg) for 5-10 s under the free flow of intravenous fluid. After the nurse evaluated the response, the nurse recorded the maximum heart rate during 30 s and the mean arterial pressure after rocuronium injection. RESULTS: Based on Dixon's up-and-down method, the EC50 of sevoflurane was 2.5 alpha 0.5 vol% in males and 2.5 alpha 0.3 vol% in females. The probit regression curve of the probability of nonwithdrawal reaction showed that in males the 50% effective ETsev was 2.4 vol% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-3.1 vol%) and the 95% effective ETsev was 3.5 vol% (95% CI, 2.9-11.0 vol%); in females, the 50% effective ETsev was 2.4 vol% (95% CI, 2.1-2.7 vol%) and the 95% effective ETsev was 3.0 vol% (95% CI, 2.7-4.5 vol%). CONCLUSIONS: The inhalation of sevoflurane during the induction period may provide a simple and reliable means of reducing rocuronium-induced reactions without adverse hemodynamic changes. There was no significant difference between males and females.
Adult* ; Anesthesia ; Arterial Pressure ; Double-Blind Method ; Female ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Inhalation ; Male ; Oxygen ; Prospective Studies ; Thiopental