BACKGROUND: The use of anesthesia during assisted reproductive technology (ART) such as TEST (Tubal Embryo Stage Transfer) may expose early embryo to anesthetics in tubal fluid. The effects of anesthetic agents on the development of early embryo in ART are yet unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of narcotics on mouse two-cell embryo development using in vitro growth model of mouse embryo. METHODS: Mouse two-cell embryos were exposed to narcotics, fentanyl (6.0 nM; 30.0 nM) and meperidine (1.0 M; 3.6 M) respectively. Mouse two-cell embryos unexposed to any drugs were served as controls. In vitro developmental patterns were observed on the third and fifth day of culture. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the rates of embryos arrested at 2~8 cell stage on the third day after culture and blastocysts development and their hatching on the fifth day after culture among three groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that fentanyl and meperidine in clinical therapeutic concentration have no detrimental effects on the in vitro two-cell mouse embryo development. But further investigations are required to determine whether narcotics have any adverse toxic effects in human reproductive medicine.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Development* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Meperidine ; Mice* ; Narcotics* ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Medicine ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted

The frontal sinus has importance from the aesthetic and functional points of view, so management of the frontal sinus should be conducted. The management may differ with the severity of displacement, the extent of displacement, as well as the involvement of the brain and nasofrontal duct. Fifteen patients with frontal sinus fracture were managed differently depending on the severity of their injuries for between 14 and 31 months, and then evaluated. During the follow-up period, encountered no complications and the overall result of the foreh ead contour was satisfactory.
Brain ; Follow-Up Studies ; Frontal Sinus* ; Humans

This retrospective study comprise 595 patients with facial bone fractures in various accidents and treated in the department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, the Chung Buk National University Hospital between September 1991 and December 1997. The medical records of these 595 patients were reviewed and analyzed in order to obtain the clinical pattern and understand the therapeutic modalities. The following results were obtained. 1. The most prevalent age group was the third decade(35.1%). 2. The monthly incidence was the highest in September and the most common accident time was between 6:00 p.m. and midnight. 3. The most common etiology was motor vehicle accidents(59.5%) followed by assault(26.2%), fall(11.4%), sports(2.7%). 4. The male predominated over female in 4.27:1 ratio. 5. The most common fracture site was nose(30.0%) followed by mandible(26.7%), zygoma(23.3%), orbit(8.6%), maxilla(8.1%), frontal sinus(3.2%). 6. The most common fracture site of mandible was parasymphsis(34.9%) followed by angle(27.1%), condyle(23.4%), symphysis(14.5%). 7. The soft tissue injury was the most common associated injury(51.1%). Fcial soft tissue injuries were sustained by 53.3% in the highest rate associated with the associated injuries. 8. Open reduction was used for 63.7% of total cases while 33.8% of total cases required closed reduction, and 2.5% of total cases treated conservatively. 9. The complication rate was 14.1% and the ophthalmologic complication rate comprise 44.9% of all complications.
Chungcheongbuk-do ; Facial Bones* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Mandible ; Medical Records ; Motor Vehicles ; Plastics ; Retrospective Studies ; Soft Tissue Injuries

Anesthesia is prerequisite to assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer(IVF-ET) and gamete intrafaUopian transfer(GIFT). When choosing the anesthetic agents to facilitate laparoscopic transfer of oocytes and sperms during GIFT procedures and transvaginal ultrasonographic harvesting of oocytes, it is essential to rule out adverse effects of these drugs on fertilization and subsequent development. Unfortunately very little information is available to ascertain if any of the various anesthetics used in these procedures are toxic to the oocyte and developing preimplantation embryo. The purpose of these studies was undertaken to investigate the effects of volatile anesthetics and narcotics on the fertilization and early development of embryos using in vitro fertilization model of mouse oocytes. In the first experiment, mouse oocytes obtained from Fl hybrid(C57BL6 X CBA) were randomly exposed to three volatile anesthetics, enflurane(0.5 mM;1.5 mM), isoflurane(0.26 mM; 0.78 mM) and halothane(0.24 mM;0.72 mM),and in the second experiment they were exposed to two narcotics, meperidine(1.0 uM; 3.6 uM) and fentanyl(6.0 nM: 30.0 nM) respectively. In both experiments mouse oocytes unexposed to any drugs were served as controls. In vitro developmental patterns were observed on the first, fourth and sixth day after insemination of above oocytes. The results were as follows. 1) Any volatile anesthetics studied had no effect on the cleavage rate of mouse oocytes on the first day after insemination, but the incidence of degenerative and fragmented oocytes in 0.78 mM isoflurane group increased significantly compared with control. 2) The rates of mouse embryos developed over morula stages on the fourth day after insemination were significantly lower in 0.78 mM isoflurane and halothane group than in control. The rates of embryos arrested at 3-8 cell stage in these groups were significantly greater than that of control. 3) The percentages of mouse oocytes developed to blastocysts on the sixth day after insemiation decreased significantly in 0.78 mM isoflurane and 0.72 mM halothane group compared with control. 4) The hatching rate of blastocysts developed from mouse aocytes preexposed to 0.72 mM halothane was significantly lower than that of control, but the proportions of hatching and hatched blastocysts among total blastocysts were significantly greater in 0.5 mM enflurane and 0.26 mM isoflurane group than in control. 5) Mouse oocytes preexposed to narcotics had a rate of degeneration and cleavage comparable to that in control on the first day after insemination.Also no significant differences in the rates of embryos arrested at 3-8 cell stage on the fourth day after insemination were notecL 6) There were no significant differences in blastocysts developrnent and their hatching on the sixth day after insemination between the groups preexposed to either fentanyl or meperidine and control. In conclusion these results indicate that narcotics, fentanyl and meperidine does not show adverse effects on in vitro fertilization of mouse oocytes in concentrations calculated to approximate those to which human ova would be exposed during clinical anesthesia and that volatile anesthetics such as isoflurane and halothane is detrimental to in vitro fertilization of mouse oocytes in high concentrations.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics* ; Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures ; Enflurane ; Female ; Fentanyl ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro* ; Halothane ; Humans ; Incidence ; Insemination ; Isoflurane ; Meperidine ; Mice* ; Morula ; Narcotics* ; Oocytes* ; Ovum ; Pregnancy ; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted ; Spermatozoa

Aneurysms of peripheral pulmonary arteries are uncommon. It may appear as a coinlesion in a plain chest film. In general, a popular and effective method for pathologic diagnosis of solitary lung lesion is needle aspiration biopsy, a technique which is safe in most instances. Also, ultrasonograhic or fluoroscopic methods are needed for the evaluation of this lesion. If pulmonary artery aneurysm is untreated, the prognosis of this disease is poor. Sixty percents of the patients with pulmonary artery aneurysm died following rupture of the aneurysm. Surgical correction is the preferred treatment. We are reporting a case of pulmonary aneurysm with the review of literature.
Aneurysm* ; Biopsy, Needle ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung ; Needles ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Artery* ; Rupture ; Thorax ; Tuberculosis

Isoflurane causes little myocardial depression, rapid onset and recovery during controlled hypotensive anesthesia. Nitroglycerin, vasodilating agent, has short plasma half-life and myocardial protective effect, is easy to cantrol, and has no direct toxic effect. Doxapram hydrochloride(doxapram Hcl), respiratory stimulant, has been found to be safe and significantly potent, but also has significant pressor effect when larger doses are administered. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of doxapram on the hemodynamics after isoflurane and nitroglycerin-induced hypotensive anesthesia in dogs. Hemodynamic measurement including the value of left ventricular pressure, aortic pressure, pulmonary eapillary wedge pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, maximal and minimal dP/dT were determined in 8 dogs before doxapram Hcl administration, Smin, 15min and 30min after doxapram Hcl administration. 1) Left ventricular pressure and aortic pressure increased at 5min and 15min after doxapram Hcl administration but did not change significantly at 30min compared to the preadministration values. 2) Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased significantly at Smin and 15min, but did not change significantly 30min compared to the preadministration values. 3) Heart rate increased significantly at Smin, but did not change significantly at 15min and 30min compared to the preadministration value. 4) Cardiac output and body temperature did not change significantly at 5min, 15min compared to the preadministation values. 5) Maximal dP/dT increased signifieantly at Smin and 15min, but did not change at 30min compared to the preadministration value, minimal dP/dT increased significantly at 5min, but did not change at 15min and 30min compared to the preadministration value.
Anesthesia* ; Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Arteries ; Body Temperature ; Cardiac Output ; Depression ; Dogs* ; Doxapram* ; Half-Life ; Heart Rate ; Hemodynamics* ; Isoflurane* ; Nitroglycerin* ; Plasma ; Pulmonary Artery ; Pulmonary Wedge Pressure ; Ventricular Pressure

The effect of prior administration of d-tubocurarine on the increased intraocular pressure associated with the use of succinylcholine was studied in 30 randomely selected human subjects, who did not have cardiopulmonary or ocular disease preoperatively. Intraocular pressures were measured with Schiotz tonometer. The major findings of this study were as follows: 1) When succinylcholine was given alone, a rise from 15.5mmHg to 18.OmmHg (16.1%) was seen(p<0.05). 2) When d-tubocurarine, 3mg, was given three minutes prior to the administration of succylchin oline, 15 healthy human subjects had no significant increase in intraocular pressure(p>0.05). 3) Intrsocular pressure were significantly increased in both groups after endotracheal intubation, but the d-tubocurarine precurarization group had minimal pressure compured to the succinylcholine alonegroup(p<0.05). An intraocular pressure increase was inhibited in the d-tubocurarine precurarization group. This simple, convenient method prevents the increased intraocular pressure associated with the use of succinylcholine.
Humans ; Intraocular Pressure* ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Succinylcholine ; Tubocurarine*

The 4,725 cattle in the enzootic region, 6 counties of southern Korea, were surveyed for besnoitiosis epidemiologically by examining the scleral conjunctiva for the cysts and the following results were obtained. The survey showed that 285 cattle, representing 6 per cent of a total of 4,725 cattle examined had S.C. cysts. Only 49 (14 per cent) of them showed clinical sclerodermatitis and the ratio between clinical and inapparent cases was 1:5.8. On age distribution of the S.C. positive cases the highest incidence(10-12 per cent) was seen in amimals that were from 5 to 8 years of age, but clinically apparent cases occurred much more in younger age of animal. In local incidence of S.C. cysts positive cases the prevalence was higher in the secluded districts such as Koheung and Sancheoung counties(9 per cent).
parasitology-besnoitiosis ; epidemiology ; prevalence rate ; scleral conjunctiva cyst

BACKGROUND: Heart rate variability provides us with many informations of autonomic activities of cardiovascular system. Among the many methods of analyzing R-R variability, power spectral analysis is understood to be the most useful, quantitative, and noninvasive method which represents the changes of frequency. And the power spectral density is composed of three components in power, a high frequency at 0.15~0.5Hz, a middle frequency at 0.10-0.15 Hz, and a low frequency at 0.04~0.08Hz. METHODS: The each frequency power of the R-R interval variability was checked in the 8 mongorean dogs according to the changes in end tidal concentration of halothane, enflurane and isoflurane, and the relationship was measured. RESULTS: The power of three frequency bands decreased at 1.0 and 1.5MAC and increased at 2.0MAC halothane compared with previous MAC respectively. The power increased at 1.0 and 1.5MAC and decreased at 2.0MAC enflurane compared with previous MAC respectively. There was no correlation between the power of three frequency bands and the changes of end tidal concentration of isoflurane. The low/high ratio associated with the changes of end tidal concentration of inhalation anesthetics increased at 1.0 and 1.5MAC and decreased at 2.0MAC compared with previous MAC respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In our study we confirmed that spectral analysis of R-R interval variability might reflect the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity and low/high ratio would be a convenient index of such interaction during anesthesia within the clinical range of end tidal concentration of inhalation anesthetics.
Anesthesia ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Inhalation* ; Animals ; Cardiovascular System ; Dogs ; Enflurane ; Halothane ; Heart Rate ; Inhalation* ; Isoflurane ; Sympathetic Nervous System

BACKGROUND: We have previously demonstrated the isoflurane and halothane may be detrimental to in vitro fertilization of mouse oocytes in high concentrations. The aim of this study is to compare the toxic effects of volatile anesthetics on mouse embryos using in vitro growth model of two cell mouse embryos. METHODS: mouse two-cell embryos exposed to three volatile anesthetics, enflurane(0.5mM; 1.5mM), isoflurane(0.26mM; 0.78mM)and halothane(0.24mM; 0.72mM). Mouse two-cell unexposed to any drugs were included as controls. RESULTS: The percentages of two-cell mouse embryos developed over morula stages on the third day after exposure of high concentrations of isoflurane and halothane decreased significantly compared with controls. The rates of embryos arrested at 2~8 cell stage in these groups were significantly higher than that of controls. There were no significant differences in these rates between enflurane group, isoflurane and halothane group of lower concentrations and controls. The hatching and/or hatched blastocysts development were significantly lower in isoflurane and halothane group than in controls. no significant differences in the hatching rate of blastocyst developed were observed among groups. CONCLUSIONS: our data show that isoflurane and halothane in high concentrations have harm effects of the in vitro growth of two cell mouse embryos.
Anesthetics ; Animals ; Blastocyst ; Embryonic Development* ; Embryonic Structures* ; Enflurane* ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Halothane* ; Isoflurane* ; Mice* ; Morula ; Oocytes ; Pregnancy