611 children (297 boys and 314 girls) of a primary school were determined under 2% cyclogyl. (1) Among 611 children, refractive error was 70.46 % and emmetropia. 29.54 %. (2) As to the distribution of refractive errors, 72.47 % were hyperopic and 27.53 % myopic Hyperopia was more common than myopia. (3) Hyperopic refractive error was increased until 7 years of age. Since then it has been decreased 8.74 % yearly. Myopic refractive error has been increased 8.14 % yearly since 8 years of age. (4) The refractive errors were more frequent in women (37.81) than men (32.65 %) (5) Refractive errors were numerous around the age of 11. (24.77 %). (6) The degree of refractive errors varied, but in the great majority was less than 3 diopters. (7) As to the type of astigmatism; 59.42 % were with the rule and 39.94 % were against the rule.
Astigmatism ; Child* ; Cyclopentolate ; Emmetropia ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperopia ; Male ; Myopia ; Refractive Errors

With the advent of improyed external fixation device, femoral lengthening has gained renewed popularity in recent years in the treatment of unequal leg length. Wagner(1971) and De Bastiani et al(1987), among others, have made epochal contribution in this field. During the period from May 1984 to May 1987, 25 patients with leg length discrepancy underwent femoral lengthening using Wagner's or De Bastianis distractable external fixators at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. There were 6 patients below 16 years of age admitted to the Children's Hospital, and 19 patients were 16 years or older. The mean age was 18.2 years, ranging from 3 years to 36 years. The underlying etiology included residual poliomyelitis in 20 patients, epiphyseal injury in 2 patients, congenital short femur in 1 patient, septic hip residua in 1 patient, and cerebral palsy in 1 patient. The mean leg length discrepancy was 4.5cm, ranging from 1.3cm to 7.4cm. The mean length gained was 4.1cm, ranging from 1.8cm to 6.4cm. All except two patients had two stage procedures with iliac crest strut bone graft. The mean time required for radiological consolidation of bone graft was 4.8 months. The plate and screws used for osteosynthesis was removed after the medullary canal has been re-established. Six patients had removal of the plate and screws between 8 months and 25 months after the second stage osteosynthesis. Technical errors included 1 case of incomplete osteotomy which required manual clasis, and another case of faulty insertion of Schanz screws that required reinsertion. Five cases (33.3%) had the minor pin tract infection. Schanz screw breakage occurred in a case of one stage femoral lengthening. Loosening of plate and screws was seen in three cases. One case had delayed union requiring augmentation bone graft. Stiff knee with less than 90°of flexion was encountered in one case. One case sustained fracture of patella during physiotherapy. Despite of a long list of complication, the ultimate goal of leg length equalization was successfully achieved in all the cases.
Cerebral Palsy ; External Fixators ; Femur ; Hip ; Humans ; Knee ; Leg ; Orthopedics ; Osteotomy ; Patella ; Poliomyelitis ; Seoul ; Transplants

No abstract available.
Female ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy, Ectopic*

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this present study was to compare mouse embryo development in 3 commercial media and hatching competence of mouse embryo with or without enzymatic treatment. METHODS: Collected 375 mouse embryos were divided into three groups, and then cultured in IVF-20 (G2), Medicult IVF (M3), P-1 (blastocyst M), respectively. Three day mouse morulae were cultured in G2 media treated with pronase. The results were analyzed using Chi-square test, and considered statistically significant when p<0.01. RESULTS: The developmental rate of 2 cell mouse embryo after 72 hours was highest in IVF-20 (G2) among conventional 3 media. The hatching rate of mouse morulae was low when clultured in G2 media without pronase during 48 hours. However, it was higher when cultured in media treated with l mg/ml, 2.5 mg/ml, 5 mg/ml pronase, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using good media and digestion of zona pellucida with enzymatic treatment improve development and hatching rate of embryo. Therefore, implantation and pregnancy rate could be improved.
Animals ; Digestion ; Embryonic Development ; Embryonic Structures* ; Female ; Mental Competency ; Mice* ; Morula ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Pronase* ; Zona Pellucida

During the period from March 1990 to November 1993, 22 children with diplaced supracondylar fracture of humerus were treated by closed reduction and percutaneous K-wire fixation at department of Orthopaedic surgery in Yeungnam University. All fracture were treated with closed reduction under the general anesthesia and percutaneous pinning. After the fracture was internally fixed, intraoperative anteroposterior reontgenograms of each distal humerus were compared. Only anatomical reduction ensured good result,, because the main cause of late cubitus varus was medial tilting of distal fragment. We could follow up 10 patients more than one year. By Flynn's criteria, satisfactory result were obtained in 9 of the 10. Unsatisfactory one had a limitation in flexion of elbow joint, but had no problem in cosmetic feature. In short term follow up of 7 patients, 5 patients had a satisfactory result, too. There were no neurovascular complication and hospitalization was shortened to 11.4 days. Closed reduction and percutaneous pinning provided stabillity, vascular safty, simplified management, reduced hospital stay. This is safe and reliable technique for obtaining and maintaining an exellent reduction.
Anesthesia, General ; Child* ; Elbow Joint ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Humerus* ; Length of Stay

No abstract available.
Pregnancy* ; Pyelonephritis*

No abstract available.
Dementia* ; Humans ; Urinary Incontinence*

No abstract available.
Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis* ; Liver*

Aneurysms of peripheral pulmonary arteries are uncommon. It may appear as a coinlesion in a plain chest film. In general, a popular and effective method for pathologic diagnosis of solitary lung lesion is needle aspiration biopsy, a technique which is safe in most instances. Also, ultrasonograhic or fluoroscopic methods are needed for the evaluation of this lesion. If pulmonary artery aneurysm is untreated, the prognosis of this disease is poor. Sixty percents of the patients with pulmonary artery aneurysm died following rupture of the aneurysm. Surgical correction is the preferred treatment. We are reporting a case of pulmonary aneurysm with the review of literature.
Aneurysm* ; Biopsy, Needle ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Lung ; Needles ; Prognosis ; Pulmonary Artery* ; Rupture ; Thorax ; Tuberculosis

No abstract available.