PURPOSE: Phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors increase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production by inhibiting re-uptake of adenosine and may potentiate nitric oxide (NO) activity. This study was performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of PDE inhibitors on trabecular outflow in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells (HTMCs). METHODS: Primary HTMC cultures were exposed to 0, 20, and 50 µM dipyridamole (DPD) or theophylline (TPN). Permeability through the HTMC monolayer was assessed using carboxyfluorescein. The production of NO was assessed using the Griess assay and MMP-2 levels were measured via Western blotting. RESULTS: DPD significantly increased permeability accompanied with increased nitrite concentration and MMP-2 levels (all p < 0.05). TPN increased nitrite but did not affect permeability or MMP-2 levels significantly (p > 0.05). When treated with DPD and TPN together, both permeability and nitrite production were increased; however, MMP-2 levels showed no difference compared to DPD exposure alone (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DPD increased trabecular permeability accompanied with increased nitrite production and MMP-2 levels. PDE inhibitors may increase trabecular outflow by increasing MMP-2 levels and by potentiating NO activity through cyclic GMP in HTMC.
Adenosine ; Blotting, Western ; Cyclic GMP ; Dipyridamole ; Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinases ; Nitric Oxide ; Permeability ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ; Theophylline ; Trabecular Meshwork

Purpose: To investigate the associations of type of orbital trauma with pattern of retinal contusion and the characteristics of orbital wall fracture in patients, and to assist in the treatment of orbital trauma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 351 eyes in 351 patients with orbital wall fractures or retinal contusion among patients with orbital trauma who came to the hospital via the emergency room between March 2018 and August 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of retinal contusion. Age, sex, and cause of trauma were investigated in each group. In addition, the characteristics of the patients were analyzed according to the range of peripheral retinal contusion, and whether the retinal contusion invaded the fovea. In addition, the relationship between the location of orbital fractures and area of retinal contusion was analyzed. Results: “Assault” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the retinal contusion group (19 of 41 eyes, 46.3%). “Traffic accident” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the group with only orbital fracture without retinal contusion (108 of 310 eyes, 34.8%). The proportion of multiple orbital fractures was significantly higher in the group with a wide rather than a narrow range of peripheral retinal contusions (p = 0.020). “Flying object” was listed as the cause of orbital trauma significantly more often in the foveal contusion group than the intact fovea group (p = 0.036). Conclusions Retinal contusions were found significantly more often in cases with orbital trauma due to “assault” or “flying object”. In the presence of multiple orbital wall fractures, the range of peripheral retinal contusion was wide. Retinal contusion due to “flying object” showed the highest rate of foveal involvement.

Purpose: To investigate the associations of type of orbital trauma with pattern of retinal contusion and the characteristics of orbital wall fracture in patients, and to assist in the treatment of orbital trauma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 351 eyes in 351 patients with orbital wall fractures or retinal contusion among patients with orbital trauma who came to the hospital via the emergency room between March 2018 and August 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of retinal contusion. Age, sex, and cause of trauma were investigated in each group. In addition, the characteristics of the patients were analyzed according to the range of peripheral retinal contusion, and whether the retinal contusion invaded the fovea. In addition, the relationship between the location of orbital fractures and area of retinal contusion was analyzed. Results: “Assault” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the retinal contusion group (19 of 41 eyes, 46.3%). “Traffic accident” was the most common cause of orbital trauma in the group with only orbital fracture without retinal contusion (108 of 310 eyes, 34.8%). The proportion of multiple orbital fractures was significantly higher in the group with a wide rather than a narrow range of peripheral retinal contusions (p = 0.020). “Flying object” was listed as the cause of orbital trauma significantly more often in the foveal contusion group than the intact fovea group (p = 0.036). Conclusions Retinal contusions were found significantly more often in cases with orbital trauma due to “assault” or “flying object”. In the presence of multiple orbital wall fractures, the range of peripheral retinal contusion was wide. Retinal contusion due to “flying object” showed the highest rate of foveal involvement.

BACKGOUND: Bacterial endotoxin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is believed to mediate the tissue damage and shock observed in Gram-negative sepsis (GNS) by initiating a cascade of events, including activation of the coagulation, fibrinolytic and complement systems, and release of proinflammatory cytokines. However, the clinical pictures that result from GNS and endotoxin are quite different. The physiologic changes induced with LPS were investigated in this study. METHODS: Fifty two male Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with Escherichia coli LPS. Blood samples and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were obtained at baseline and at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, and 48 hours after injection. Nitrate/nitrite levels were measured from plasma and BAL samples. Lipid peroxide (LPO) levels were measured from plasma. We measured also protein concentration and number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) and macrophages from BAL samples. RESULTS: Administration of LPS caused significant increase in nitrate/nitrite concentrations of plasma and BAL fluid (p<0.01). ED50 of LPS was 1.76 mg/kg in plasma nitrate/nitrite assay. Plasma LPO levels were increased slightly after administration of LPS, but no statistical significance. Protein concentration was increased significantly (p<0.01) 4 hours after the administration of LPS. LPS induced increase of the number of PMNLs and macrophages of BAL samples significantly (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LPS increased NO production and alveolar permeability in rats. Also, LPS increased the number of inflammatory cells in the lung.
Animals ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Complement System Proteins ; Cytokines ; Escherichia coli ; Humans ; Lung ; Macrophages ; Male ; Neutrophils ; Nitric Oxide ; Permeability ; Pharmacology ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Sepsis ; Shock

BACKGROUND: Portable glucometers are often utilized at the patient's bedside in the ICU or operating room for frequent measurements of the blood glucose concentration. Many of these devices are based on a glucose oxidase method that may be influenced by PO2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of a high PO2 of arterial blood on measured glucose values compared with venous blood. METHODS: Forty adult patients who underwent surgery with general anesthesia were included in this study. Each patient had a cannula inserted into the radial artery and a central venous catheter through the right internal jugular vein. Two hours after the induction of anesthesia, we drew arterial and venous blood and measured the blood glucose concentration using both a bedside glucometer based on a glucose oxidase method and a laboratory glucometer based on a hexokinase method. We also measured blood gas, electrolyte, and hematocrit values. Statistical analyses were performed with repeated measure ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and Bland-Altman's analysis. Data is expressed as mean +/- SD. RESULTS: The arterial blood glucose concentration measured by the glucose oxidase method (119.5 +/- 25.0 mg/dl) was significantly lower than the venous blood (133.5 +/- 24.8 mg/dl) and hexokinase method (134.2 +/- 27.1 mg/dl). There was no significant difference between the venous blood glucose concentration by the glucose oxidase method and hexokinase method. When we used the correction formula: corrected glucose value = arterial glucose value by glucose oxidase method + 0.1053 X PaO2 - 5.414, the bias improved from - 14.6 mg/dl to 1.0 mg/dl. CONCLUSIONS: The blood glucose concentration measured by the glucose oxidase method is more accurate in venous blood than oxygenated arterial blood. When we measure the blood glucose level using the glucose oxidase method, we should consider the influence of high oxygen tension.
Adult ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Bias (Epidemiology) ; Blood Glucose* ; Catheters ; Central Venous Catheters ; Glucose Oxidase* ; Glucose* ; Hematocrit ; Hexokinase ; Humans ; Jugular Veins ; Linear Models ; Operating Rooms ; Oxygen* ; Radial Artery

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) may act as an oxygen radical scavenger or as an antioxidant, and inhibit neutrophil superoxide anion production. In contrast, NO combines with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, a very damaging material whose decomposition RESULTS in the generation of a hydroxyl radical. This study was designed to determine the role of NO in the development of acute lung injury and lipid peroxidation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 - 250 g) were given one of the following treatments; intraperitoneal normal saline 0.5 ml, intraperitoneal E. coli LPS (5 mg/kg) in 0.5 ml normal saline, 4 mg/kg L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL) + LPS, or L-arginine (80 mg/kg) + LPS. Four hours after treatment, the rats were killed by an intraperitoneal pentobarbital injection (100 mg/kg) and plasma nitrate/nitrite concentration (Griess reagents) and lipid peroxide (LPO) concentration of the lung (Yagi's method) were measured (n = 8). In the other sets of experiments, myeloperoxidase activity of the lung (n = 5) and protein concentration of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (BCA protein assay reagents, n = 4) were assayed. RESULTS: LPS treatment increased plasma nitrate/nitrite concentrations approximately 6 times (20.9 1.8nM, P < 0.01) compared with the control group (3.6 +/- 0.7nM), and L-NIL treatment prevented this increase. L-NIL plus LPS treatment resulted in greater increase of LPO concentrations of the lung compared with the control (P < 0.05). Myeloperoxidase activity and protein concentrations of BAL fluids were higher in LPS and L-NIL plus LPS treatment groups than the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that inhibition of the increase of NO by selective inducible NO synthase inhibitor L-NIL may increase lipid peroxidation in septic rats.
Acute Lung Injury* ; Animals ; Arginine ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage ; Humans ; Hydroxyl Radical ; Indicators and Reagents ; Lipid Peroxidation* ; Lung ; Male ; Neutrophils ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Nitric Oxide* ; Oxygen ; Pentobarbital ; Peroxidase ; Peroxynitrous Acid ; Plasma ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Superoxides

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a noninflammatory diffuse lung disease, characterized by a dense accumulation of lipoproteinaceous material within the alveoli, causing hypoxemia, restrictive lung disease, and abnormalities on chest radiograph. The etiology of PAP is uncertain and various forms, including idiopathic and disease secondary to dust or fume exposure. Bronchopulmonary lavage (BPL) is a safe and effective treatment in PAP, and a unique procedure which requires general anesthesia and separation of the lung with a double lumen endobronchial tube. We experienced anesthetic management of BPL for the successful treatment of a 33 years old female patient with PAP.
Adult ; Anesthesia, General ; Anoxia ; Bronchoalveolar Lavage* ; Dust ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Diseases ; Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis* ; Radiography, Thoracic

The immunomodulatory and antitumor effects of lactic acid bacteria (LABs) were investigated. Cytoplasmic fraction of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium longum were tested for the antiproliferative activity in vitro to SNUC2A, SNU1, NIH/3T3 and Jurkat cell lines by crystal violet assay. All cytoplasmic fraction suppressed proliferation of tumor cells, though L. casei and B. longum were more effective. From these results, cytoplasmic fraction of L. casei and B. longum with Y400 as a control were administered as dietary supplements to Balb/c mice for 2, and 4 consecutive wks. Administration for 4 wks enhanced the number of total T cells, NK cells and MHC class II+ cells, and CD4-CD8+ T cells in flow cytometry analysis. To determine of antitumor activity of LABs preparation in vivo, F9 teratocarcinoma cells were inoculated on mice at 14th day. Body weight was decreased with increased survival rate in all groups with the cytoplasm of LABs. Our results showed that cytoplasmic fraction of LABs had direct antiproliferative effects on tumor cell lines in vitro, effects on immune cells in vivo, and antitumor effects on tumor-bearing mice with prolonged survival periods.
3T3 Cells ; Animals ; *Bifidobacterium ; Body Weight ; Cell Division/physiology ; Cytotoxicity, Immunologic ; Flow Cytometry ; Humans ; Immunophenotyping ; Jurkat Cells ; Killer Cells, Natural/immunology ; *Lactobacillus casei ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology/*therapy ; Probiotics/*pharmacology ; Survival Analysis ; T-Lymphocytes/immunology