The relationship between anatomy and surgery has been historic and epic, spanning many centuries, complementing each other in medical education and being independent as well as interdependent in many ways. However, curricular changes that have happened globally in recent years with the introduction of several contemporary styles of medical teaching have subtly downplayed the importance of anatomy in medicine, allowing young doctors with poor knowledge of anatomy to become surgeons. With a whimsical introduction that metaphorically hints at the strained relationship that exists between anatomy and surgery, the article attempts to explore the ‘anatomy’ of anatomy itself, examining its origins in recorded ancient history, evolution along the centuries in tandem with surgery and its current status in medical education.

Imatinib, a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the fi rst line treatment against chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Several fatal cases have been associated with imatinib hepatotoxicity. Acetaminophen, an over-the-counter analgesic, anti-pyretic drug, which can cause hepatotoxicity, is commonly used in cancer pain management. We assessed renal and hepatic toxicity after imatinib and acetaminophen co-administration in a preclinical model. Four groups of male ICR mice (30-35 g) were fasted overnight and administered either saline solution orally (baseline control), imatinib 100 mg/kg orally (control), acetaminophen 700 mg/kg intraperitoneally (positive control) or co-administered imatinib 100 mg/kg orally and acetaminophen 700 mg/kg intraperitoneally (study group), and sacrifi ced at 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h and 6 h post-administration (n=4 per time point). The liver and kidneys were harvested for histopathology assessment. The liver showed reversible cell damage like feathery degeneration, microvesicular fatty change, sinusoidal congestion and pyknosis, when imatinib or acetaminophen were administered separately. The damage increased gradually with time, peaked at 2 h but resolved by 4 h. When both drugs were administered concurrently, the liver showed irreversible damage (cytolysis, karyolysis and karyorrhexis) which did not resolve by 6 h. Very minor renal changes were observed. Acetaminophen and imatinib co-administration increased hepatoxicity which become irreversible, probably due to shared P450 biotransformation pathways and transporters in the liver.

Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was performed among Filipino patients consulting at the General Ophthalmology Clinic of the Philippine General Hospital. They underwent a comprehensive eye examination. CCT obtained by ultrasonic pachymetry and IOP by Goldmann applanation tonometry were correlated using linear regression analysis. Factors affecting CCT measurements were analyzed by ANOVA. Results: Two hundred twenty two eyes of 112 patients were included in the study. CCT ranged from 451.0 mm to 653.6 mm with a mean of 531.5 mm +/- 33.8 mm. There was a significant linear correlation between CCT and IOP (r=0.63). The IOP was noted to rise by 4.3 mm Hg/100 mm CCT. Conclusion: The CCT among Filipinos is normally distributed and is comparable to the distribution obtained by metaanalysis of worldwide data. The study also found a direct correlation between CCT and IOP among Filipinos.
Male ; Female ; Aged 80 and over ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; MANOMETRY ; TONOMETRY, OCULAR ; INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE ; GLAUCOMA

  Pesticides are used in agriculture and in public health. Toxicity to humans include chronic and acute effects.. Therefore, knowledge of their concentration in drinking water treatment seems to be very important. The aim of this study was based on the literature indicating the presence of certain pesticides and pesticide metabolites in selected drinking water coming from the ground and deep-ground. The selected papers indicate that pesticides and metabolites of pesticides pollute water sources, underground water and deep-water. Concentrations of pesticides in most cases are lower than the 0.1μgl−1, which is the general limit concentrations of pesticides, and pesticides metabolites in drinking water.   Only in the case of the pesticide azinphos methyl was found overvaluation concentration of 3.22μgl−1, which realizes the necessity identification concentrations of pesticides and their metabolites in mineral and spring waters

  Vanadium, depending on the consumed dose may be toxic or health-promoting. Therefore, the knowledge of its concentration in the drinking therapeutic water, in particular in the medicinal mineral sources seems to be very important. This study was based on literature giving vanadium concentrations in some drinking waters derived from the ground and deep ground water.   The concentration of vanadium in ground water shown varies in the range from 1-138μgl−1. In volcanic regions of Italy vanadium concentration increases in relation to the water of a river as much as 100 fold. The concentration of vanadium in the mineral waters ranges from 1-93μgl−1. The problem of acceptable and desired concentration of vanadium in natural waters in the mineral remains open, but it seems that this concentration in the tested samples is not too high.

The Oceania region, which includes Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and the islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean, has historically been free from chikungunya. However, the 2011 outbreak in New Caledonia and the ongoing outbreak in Papua New Guinea have highlighted the risk to other communities in Oceania where there are competent mosquito vectors and permissive social factors and environmental conditions. In this article we discuss the threat to this region that is posed by the recent evolution of the E1:A226V mutant strains of chikungunya virus (CHIKV).

No abstract available.
Base Sequence* ; Bone Marrow Transplantation* ; Bone Marrow* ; Chimerism* ; DNA* ; Genome, Human* ; Graft vs Host Disease* ; Humans ; Humans* ; Leukemia* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Recurrence* ; Tandem Repeat Sequences* ; Transplants*

Introduction: The dream of mankind since immemorial times is opportunity to drinking water from the source of life, water that restores health. The healing waters, which include spring and mineral waters derived from groundwater and deepwater. Depending on the geological origin of water they contain different content of minerals including metals like vanadium. Data available from animal studies, cell culture, and few clinical observations suggest the benefit from vanadium supplementation in diabetes. Objectives: Vanadium, depending on the consumed dose may be toxic or therapeutic. Unfortunately the WHO or other comparable authority did not rule definitively on this matter. Because of it, the aim of this study was, based on literature, to compare vanadium concentrations in some waters, particularly derived from the ground and deepground, Methods: Literature review. Measurements of the concentration of vanadium in publications included in this review, in the tested water samples were performed with spectroscopic techniques Results: The concentration of vanadium in mineral water and groundwater ranges from 0-138μg/l, this means that some water content was below the detection limit. The survey of the chemical composition of 571 European bottled mineral waters from Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine shows that the concentration of vanadium was above the detection limit (1μg/l ) only in about 12% of the samples 1). while 132 samples of water from Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Trinidad, the US and Yugoslavia vanadium concentration contain within 0.0006-93.1μg/l 2). The content of vanadium shows a fairly close relationship with the geological structure of the region of origin. In volcanic regions concentration increases in relation to the water of the river as much as 100 fold. The vanadium content in groundwater in Spain in the areas of Grenada ranged from 10.8-13μg/l 3), in Italy in area of Etna 18-138 μg/l, Lake Bracciano 17-30μg/l and the Costello 1-82μg/l 4), whereas, at the Lake Biwa in Japan 0.26 μg/l mm and in rainwater in Kyoto 0.37 μg/l 5). Conclusions: There is an urgent need to identify desirable and maximum permissible content of vanadium in the waters, especially in the waters used in medical hydrology. They can be useful here, observations of the state of health of the population living in regions with varying vanadium content.

Introduction: In the world there are numerous sources to which the population pilgrimage and is convinced of the healing power of incurable diseases. Category of beneficial medicinal waters are waters which include spring and mineral water derived from ground and deepwater. Groundwater is contaminated with substances from agriculture wastewater, for example, pesticides that are toxic substances. Unfortunately was noted down more and more cases of contamination of the deep water. Objectives: Pesticides are employed in agriculture and in public health. Toxicity to humans includes along-term and acute effects. Therefore, knowledge of their concentration in drinking water treatment seems to be very important. The aim of this study was based on the literature indicate the presence of certain pesticides and pesticide metabolites in selected drinking water coming from the ground and deepground. Methods: Literature review. Measurements of pesticide concentrations in the test water samples in publications included in this review were performed by chromatographic techniques. Results: Seven water spring (mountain Vermion-Greece) were studied during the 12-months. Atrazine, diazinon and DEA [deethylatrazine] Their concentrations levels were below 0.060μg/l1). The concentrations of pesticides detected in underground waters were 0.089μg/l for alachlor, 0.098μg/l for atrazine, 0.205μg/l for desethylatrazine, 0.090 μg/l for carbofuran, 0.041μg/l for metolachlor, 0.077μg/l for molinate, 0.018μg/l for propanil, 0.007μg/l for parathion methyl and 0.037μg/l for simazine. Research pesticides atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine in groundwater2) showed the absence of the first two, but altrazine concentration was in the range 0.16-3.7μg/l. In the groundwater below 1.5m concentration was higher than in 3m below. Altrazine was sporadic detected even at a depth of 4.6m, but not below. It has been tested concentration of 10 pesticides in groundwater from Argentina3). Azinphos methyl is the most widely used pesticide. Its concentration was 3.22μg /l. In the groundwater can also identify metabolites of pesticides4). From 150 pesticide metabolites 37 were detected with a concentration <0.025μg/l and median total concentrations of pesticide metabolites was 0.62μg/l. Conclusions: 1. From the selected work indicate that pesticides and metabolites of pesticides pollute water sources, underground water and deepwater. 2. Concentrations of pesticides in most cases are lower than the 0.1μg/l, which is the general limit concentrations of pesticides, and pesticides metabolites in drinking water5), 6). 3. Only in the case of the pesticide azinphos methyl was found elevated concentration of 3.22μg /l, which realises the necessity Identification concentrations of pesticides and their metabolites in mineral and spring waters.