Hz-2V is one of only a very few sexually transmitted viruses currently known in insects. Replication of this insect pathogenic virus results in sterility of infected moths rather than mortality. The sterility of the infected host is a consequence of virus directed malformation of adult reproductive tissues, which in females results in cellular proliferation and hypertrophy of these tissues. Virus replication has additional ramifications in infected females. Infected females produce more mating pheromones and attract more mates than healthy females, ultimately facilitating virus transmission and enhancing viral fitness. The molecular mechanisms used by the virus to manipulate the host to enhance its fitness are yet to be determined. Unraveling the underlying principles of these mechanisms promises to enhance our understanding of insect reproductive physiology, as well as provide molecular tools for use in novel approaches in sterile insect control programs.

In the event of an infectious disease outbreak in cattle, carcasses must be disposed of in a rapid and contained manner. This brief communication details injection of a barbiturate to euthanize cattle inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7 followed by carcass composting in a manner that prevents the spread of infectious agents.
Animals ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/*microbiology ; Disease Outbreaks/*veterinary ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology/*veterinary ; *Escherichia coli O157 ; Euthanasia, Animal/*methods ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Male ; Pentobarbital/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Soil

<p style="text-align: justify;">OBJECTIVE:To describe the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents in an urban coastal community on drowning prevention.
METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used in the study. Systematic random sampling was used and 431 parents were included as respondents in the study. A questionnaire that was developed and pre-tested was used to determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices on drowning prevention among parents in households with at least one child.
RESULTS: The respondents' knowledge on general aspects of drowning such as its preventability and to whom and where it could happen seems to be sufficient (67-99%). Awareness of drowning prevention programs and activities in the barangay is quite low, and awareness of any legislation is even lower. The respondents seem to have positive attitudes toward supervising children while swimming or playing in high risk areas, in buying and wearing flotation devices, and participating in drowning prevention measures. Although 60 % claimed to have supervised their children while swimming in the sea, river, lake or swimming pools, more respondents (67 % - 88%) had admitted that their children had never worn flotation devices when they swim or play in most bodies of water. More than 93% of the parents have not participated in any program or activity on drowning prevention.
CONCLUSIONS: The study seems to show that, in the surveyed coastal community, there is a high level of knowledge in terms of the general aspects of drowning and there are positive attitudes in terms of measures and activities to prevent drowning. However, this has not translated to similarly appropriate levels of drowning prevention practices.p>
Human ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Adult ; Attitude ; Awareness ; Child ; Cross-sectional Studies ; Drowning ; Family Characteristics ; Lakes ; Parents ; Rivers ; Surveys And Questionnaires ; Swimming ; Swimming Pools ; Water ; Knowledge ; Attitude

Nudiviruses represent a diverse group of arthropod specific, rod-shaped and dsDNA viruses. Due to similarities in pathology and morphology to members of the family Baculoviridae, they have been previously classified as the so-called "non-occluded" baculoviruses. However, presently they are taxonomically orphaned and are not assigned to any virus family because of the lack of genetic relatedness to Baculoviridae,. Here, we report on recent progress in the genomic analysis of Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 (HzNV-1), Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV), Gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus (GbNV) and Heliotis zea nudivirus 2 (HzNV-2). Gene content comparison and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the viruses share 15 core genes with baculoviruses and form a monophyletic sister group to them. Consequences of the genetic relationship are discussed for the classification of nudiviruses.

In Evidence-based Family Practice, requesting a diagnostic test should be based on two issues. First is whether the test is accurate and thus will significantly help in clinical decision making. Second is whether the test is appropriate and acceptable for the patient. This involves careful discussion of risks and benefits based on the physician’s knowledge and experience and the patient’s values and preferences.
Diagnostic Tests, Routine

<p style="text-align: justify;">INTRODUCTION: Tourniquet test has been widely used locally and internationally as the cheapest, fastest and most efficient way of diagnosing dengue infection. This is so efficient that the World Health Organization has been active in promoting this as a diagnostic tool for tropical countries like the Philippines.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of the tourniquet test in the diagnosis of dengue infection among patients aged
METHODOLOGY: The retrospective research design was utilized. These variables were included: the socio-demographic and clinical variables as to the patients' age, gender, body mass index and the presence of co-morbid conditions, clinical manifestations (duration of fever, headache, abdominal pain, rashes and bleeding episodes, hemoglobin level, WBC, Platelets, NS1, IgG, IgM and Hematocri values). Once these were noted, the researcher coded the results. Coding was done in Microsoft Excel.
RESULTS: Patients were mostly in the 12 to 17 years age group, males (54.1%), in the normal weight category (88.1%) and had no co-morbid conditions (77.1%). Clinical manifestations of dengue included fever of ? 4 days (56%); abdominal pain (61.5%); and gum bleeding (56.4%). As regards laboratory profile of patients, low hemoglobin levels were observed (77.5%); low WBC count (78.9%); low platelet counts (100%); positive for NS1 (71.1%); positive for Immunoglobulin G (82.6%) and Immunoglobulin M (85.3%). There was a 65% accuracy of cases when tourniquet test was performed among patients with dengue. There was a strong correlation between dengue infection and WBC (r=0.915; p=0.028); platelets (r=0.663; p=0.003); hematocrit (r=0.57; p<0.01); Non-Structural Protein 1 (r=.753; p=.031); IgG (r=0.566;p=0.002); IgM (r=0.510; p=0.009) and Tourniquet test (r=0.513; p=0.045). No significant correlation was observed for cases of dengue infection and hemoglobin (r=0.026; p=0.702) and platelets (r=0.026; p=0.702).
CONCLUSIONS: The dengue infection was found mostly to be in the 12 to 17 years of age; predominantly males. BMI was not found to be significant factor for dengue infection since most cases were in the normal weight category. Clinical presentations of dengue infection commonly observed in this research were fever with a duration of 4 days and above, headache, abdominal pain and gum bleeding. Majority had abnormal levels of hemoglobin, low WBC, and low platelet count. Biomarkers for dengue infection noted in the study were positive NS1, presence of IgG and IgM. Tourniquet test yielded 655 accuracy if the number of petechiae cases is considered. This could indicate that as an initial tool foe diagnostics, presence of it could be considered for dengue infection. Strong correlation with tourniquet test, and laboratory parameters like WBC, platelets, hematocrit, NS1, IgG and IgM were found which are indicative that these variables have strong association to possible infection of dengue. Any abnormalities found within these laboratory parameters must be considered for dengue evaluation.p>
Human ; Male ; Female ; Adolescent ; Immunoglobulin M ; Immunoglobulin G ; Tourniquets ; Gingiva ; Hematocrit ; Dengue ; Hemorrhage ; Hemoglobin P ; Hemoglobins ; Headache

Curriculum ; Education, Medical ; methods ; Internationality

Introduction: In May 2014 an outbreak of norovirus occurred among patrons of a restaurant in Melbourne, Australia. Investigations were conducted to identify the infectious agent, mode of transmission and source of illness, and to implement controls to prevent further transmission. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted to test the hypothesis that food served at the restaurant between 9 and 15 May 2014 was the vehicle for infection. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic, illness and food exposure data from study participants. To ascertain whether any food handlers had experienced gastroenteritis symptoms and were a possible source of infection, investigators contacted and interviewed staff who had worked at the restaurant between 9 and 16 May 2014. Results: Forty-six cases (including 16 laboratory-confirmed cases of norovirus) and 49 controls were interviewed and enrolled in the study. Results of the analysis revealed a statistically significant association with illness and consumption of grain salad (OR: 21.6, 95% CI: 1.8-252.7, p = 0.015) and beetroot dip (OR: 22.4, 95% CI: 1.9-267.0, p = 0.014). An interviewed staff member who reported an onset of acute gastrointestinal illness on 12 May 2014 had prepared salads on the day of onset and the previous two days. Discussion: The outbreak was likely caused by person-to-food-to-person transmission. The outbreak emphasizes the importance of the exclusion of symptomatic food handlers and strict hand hygiene practices in the food service industry to prevent contamination of ready-to-eat foods and the kitchen environment.

<p>INTRODUCTIONRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) in young patients is uncommon but thought to represent a distinctive clinical entity from older patients with different clinico-pathologic features and outcomes. We evaluated the association of age at the time of diagnosis with pathological staging, histological parameters, disease recurrence and overall survival (OS) following radical or partial nephrectomy for non-metastatic RCC in native kidneys.p><p>MATERIALS AND METHODSA retrospective review of 316 patients with RCC after nephrectomy at a single institution between January 2001 and June 2008 was performed. Eligible patients included all histologically proven primary non-metastatic RCC treated by radical or partial nephrectomy. They were categorised into group A (≤ 40 years at diagnosis) and B (> 40 years). Differences in clinical parameters were analysed using the Mann Whitney U test. The prognostic potential of age at diagnosis was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan Meier method.p><p>RESULTSThere were 33 patients in group A and 283 patients in group B. There were more non-clear cell tumours in the younger group (30% vs 14%, P <0.05). No statistical differences were found in the stage and grade of both groups. At a median follow-up time of 41 months, the younger group had a higher metastatic rate (18% vs 10.5%, P <0.05), lower 5-year cancer-specific survival (82% vs 98%, P <0.05) and lower 5-year OS (82 % vs 95%, P <0.05).p><p>CONCLUSIONYounger patients were more likely to have non-clear cell RCC with higher disease recurrence and lower OS. They should not be assumed to have similar features and outcomes as screen-detected early RCC in older patients.p>
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell ; diagnosis ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Kaplan-Meier Estimate ; Kidney Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; mortality ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nephrectomy ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Survival Analysis

<p style="text-align: justify;">OBJECTIVE: This controlled study was done to determine the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on the liver of cats undergoing major liver resection.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of IP on alanine transaminase (ALT or SGPT) in cat*that will undergo major liver resection.
DESIGN: This study is a randomized controlled trial.
SETTING: LIST Health Sciences Research Laboratory.
PATIENTS/ PARTICIPANTS: This is an experimental study on the effects of ischemic preconditioning under hepatic inflow occlusion on the SGPT as a measure of morbidity in Felis catus (domestic cats) undergoing right hepatic lobectomy. Nine male cats, weighing 2.5-5kg, are equally allocated into any one of the following 3 study groups: Control group not subjected to ischemic preconditioning (C), Experimental group subjected to 1 1/2 minutes of ischemia followed by 1.5 minutes of reperfusion (El), Experimental group subjected to 5 minutes of ischemia followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion (E2).
RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the mean weight of cats in the 3 groups (p = 1.00). Comparing the pre and post result between using paired t-test, there was no significant difference in the baseline values (p = 0.14). However, there was a significant difference in the post result between the three groups (p < 0.001). The results showed that the mean post values significantly increased from baseline. The same result was noted in the El and E2 group where a significant increase was also noted with p values, 0.005 and 0.004, respectively. Comparing the mean difference in the pre and post values using ANOV A, there was a significant difference noted between the three groups as proven by all p values
CONCLUSION: In the past few years, interesting new data on the presence of ischemic preconditioning in various organs as an endogenous means to protect itself from ischemiahas been available. This study investigated and suggests that ischemic preconditioning may provide protection to the liver undergoing hepatic lobectomy.p>
Animal ; Alanine Transaminase ; Felis ; Ischemic Preconditioning ; Hepatectomy ; Liver ; Cats