Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are common diseases. The global prevalence of OSA is between 2% and 7% in general population cohorts. The worldwide prevalence of T2DM among adults (aged 20-79 years) was estimated to be 6.4%. The concurrent presence of OSA and T2DM can be expected in the same patient, given their high prevalence and similar predisposition. We reviewed the overlapping pathophysiology of OSA and T2DM in this article.
Adult ; Aged ; Continuous Positive Airway Pressure ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Young Adult

INTRODUCTION: The current gold standard for diagnosing interstitial lung disease (ILD) involves an ILD clinic evaluation, followed by discussion in a multidisciplinary meeting (MDM). However, there is a paucity of data on the impact of ILD MDMs on the diagnosis and management of ILDs in Southeast Asia. We studied the clinical impact of the ILD service on the diagnosis and management of ILDs at a university-affiliated tertiary hospital in Singapore. METHODS: A single-centre retrospective review was done on 97 consecutive patients referred for evaluation to the ILD service from March 2016 to August 2017. RESULTS: Mean age of the patients was 67 ± 11 years. Gender distribution was almost equal (52% male), with a majority of never-smokers (63%). Mean forced vital capacity (FVC) was 1.81 ± 0.66 L (66% ± 20% predicted). The three commonest referral diagnoses were ILD of uncertain classification (n = 38, 39%), connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD) (n = 24, 25%) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) (n = 16, 17%). Following evaluation by the ILD service, there was a change of diagnosis in 60 (62%) patients and a change of management in 71 (73%) patients. The majority of consensus MDM diagnoses were IPF (n = 35, 36%), CTD-ILD (n = 30, 30%) and others (n = 15, 15%). There was a significant prognostic separation between the IPF and non-IPF diagnoses made following evaluation by the ILD service. CONCLUSION The ILD service allowed for more precise subtyping of various ILDs. This is particularly useful for IPF patients, who can benefit from antifibrotic therapies.