Uninterrupted monitoring of multiple subjects is required for mass causality events, in hospital environment or for sports by medical technicians or physicians. Movement of subjects under monitoring requires such system to be wireless, sometimes demands multiple transmitters and a receiver as a base station and monitored parameter must not be corrupted by any noise before further diagnosis. A Bluetooth Piconet network is visualized, where each subject carries a Bluetooth transmitter module that acquires vital sign continuously and relays to Bluetooth enabled device where, further signal processing is done. In this paper, a wireless network is realized to capture ECG of two subjects performing different activities like cycling, jogging, staircase climbing at 100 Hz frequency using prototyped Bluetooth module. The paper demonstrates removal of baseline drift using Fast Fourier Transform and Inverse Fast Fourier Transform and removal of high frequency noise using moving average and S-Golay algorithm. Experimental results highlight the efficacy of the proposed work to monitor any vital sign parameters of multiple subjects simultaneously. The importance of removing baseline drift before high frequency noise removal is shown using experimental results. It is possible to use Bluetooth Piconet frame work to capture ECG simultaneously for more than two subjects. For the applications where there will be larger body movement, baseline drift removal is a major concern and hence along with wireless transmission issues, baseline drift removal before high frequency noise removal is necessary for further feature extraction.
Diagnosis ; Electrocardiography* ; Fourier Analysis ; Jogging ; Noise ; Sports ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: To investigate the early results of limited open repair technique of Achilles tendon ruptures, and to describe the surgical technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From October 2004 to February 2005, a total of 10 patients with Achilles tendon rupture underwent limited open repair. The average age of the patients was 39.3 years, and the average follow-up period was 9 months. The causes of injury were sports injuries in 8 cases, and slip down in 2. The mean interval between the injury and the operation was 9 days. The clinical results were assessed by patient's satisfaction, incision length, hospitalization, the ankle-hindfoot scale of American Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS), and complications. RESULTS: Of 10 patients, 8 were very satisfied, and the remaining 2 were satisfied. The mean incision length was 2.0 cm, and the mean hospitalization was 2 days. The mean AOFAS score was 97 points, and there was no complications such as infection, rerupture, or nerve injury. All patients returned to work at approximately 2 months, and resumed light exercise such as jogging at approximately 3 months. CONCLUSION: Limited open repair technique of Achilles tendon ruptures is provided for better cosmetic results, high patient's satisfaction, and functionally successful results without postoperative complications.
Achilles Tendon* ; Ankle ; Athletic Injuries ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Jogging ; Postoperative Complications ; Rupture*

Exercise-induced anaphylaxis (EIA) is a medical emergency in that it derives from a physical allergy. We reported a case of food-independent EIA based on history and laboratory data. A 40-year-old male patient was presented with generalized urticaria, angioedema, and syncope after jogging. He had suffered from allergic rhinitis for 25 years. Increased level of serum tryptase was noted. Mast cell activation might be suggested in the pathophysiologic mechanism of EIA.
Adult ; Anaphylaxis* ; Angioedema ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Jogging ; Male ; Mast Cells ; Rhinitis ; Syncope ; Tryptases* ; Urticaria

The main purpose of this study was to examine factors related to exercise behavior of civil airmen. The subjects for the study were 200 civil airman including pilots, flight officers and flight engineers working for "A" airline in South Korea. The data was collected from April, 1 to 30, 1996 using a questionnaire that was developed for this study, and analyzed using SPSS(Statistical Package for Social Science). The subjects consisted of 200 males. The average age was 42 years old and the majority(82.5%) were married. The large proportion of subjects had received four years of college education or more(86%), and reported having a religion(71%). The average height and weight were 171.7cm and 69.4kg respectively. The average working period and total flight time were 8 years and 6002 hours respectively. Ninety-five percent of sample exercised regularly. As for the frequency of the exercise, 4% of the sample never exercised and 26% of the sample exercised less than once per week, while 44.5% and 24.5% of the sample exercised once or two times, and more than three times per week respectively. The type of exercise was strengthening (30.0%) and aerobic exercise such as jogging(54%), mountain climbing(37.5%) and golf(33.0%). Nearly three fourths of the sample were involved in more than the "light heavy" level of intensity(72.5%) and the average duration was 74.9 minutes. The following factors are related to the exercise behavior. 1) Age and marriage were positively related to exercise behavior(p<.05). 2) The cognitive/perceptual factor is related to exercise behavior. Those who perceived that their health was poor, that health was out of their control exercised less frequently. Also those who showed low self efficacy, and those who valued their health less exercised less frequently. 3) Among environmental factors, social support such as peers, spouse and media influenced exercise behavior. Also the use of a health center was related to a higher level of exercise behavior compared to self-regulated home exercise. Irregular duty was the higher barrier to exercise. 4) The type and intensity of exercise were related to exercise behavior, but not duration. Those who have been jogging or mountain climbing regularly, and those who exercised rather intensely showed a higher frequency of exercise. However, there was no difference in duration 5) The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the variables which were related to exercise behavior were exercise intensity, exercise place and whether the subject was married. These three factors accounted for 37% of the variance.
Adult ; Education ; Exercise ; Fibrinogen ; Humans ; Jogging ; Korea ; Male ; Marriage ; Self Efficacy ; Spouses ; Surveys and Questionnaires

BACKGROUND: The assessment of how much people exercise needs to be analyzed in order to promote their health status. METHODS: Accordingly, 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey was performed during a two-month period beginning November 1st, 2001. Questionnaires on physical activities have been completed by 9,170 persons (88.45%) among 10,368 persons over 12 years old. We analyzed 7,838 subjects who were over 20 years old. RESULTS: Among the total, 71.8% persons of the respondents did not work out at all. Among them, 14.9% respondents were classified as lower exercise group, 6.9% middle exercise group and 6.4% as higher exercise group. The number of middle and higher exercise groups were increased on 2001 survey compared to those in 1998. Daily walking hours were 65.8 +/- 73.6 minutes. A proper amount of exercise were performed by older age groups than those in their twenties, by town residents than villagers, by unmarried people than married or divorced or bereaved ones, by higher educated people, by people with more weight, by those who were felt less stress, and by non drinkers. Favorite exercises were walking, mountaineering, jogging and working out at a fitness club which were chosen by 62.6% of the respondents. CONCLUSION: Many respondents did not work out at all and overall exercise rate was low. The rate of proper exercise was different by demographic features.
Adult* ; Child ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Divorce ; Exercise ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Jogging ; Motor Activity* ; Mountaineering ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Single Person ; Walking ; Young Adult

This study was conducted to investigate the physical activity pattern, activity coefficient, basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure of female university students. One-day activity diaries were collected from 95 female university students in Seoul. Body composition was measured by Inbody 720. Subjects spent 7 hr 8min on sleeping, 6 hr 31min on studying, 2 hr 50min on physiological activity, 2 hr 3min on leisure, 2 hr 2min on walking and jogging, 1 hr 58 min on commuting and 22min on house chores. The activity coefficient of these subjects was 1.58. The comparison of body composition of subjects according to PAL showed that body weight, body fat mass, arm circumference and arm muscle circumference of physically active group were significantly higher than those of the sedentary group. BMR calculated by Harris-Benedict (H-B) formula and DRI formula and BMR measured by Inbody 720 was 1375 kcal, 1306 kcal and 1209 kcal, respectively. Total energy expenditure (TEE) examined by one-day activity diaries and calculated by H-B formula and estimated energy requirement (EER) formula in DRI was 2102.1 kcal, 2184.4 kcal, and 2164.5 kcal, respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient between TEE examined by one-day activity diaries and H-B TEE was 0.795 (p < 0.001) while that between TEE examined and DRI EER was 0.604 (p < 0.001). Overall data indicated that female university students seemed to be less active. Therefore it is recommended that universities develop good exercise programs for their students. Further studies are needed to generate more meaningful results with a larger sample size and using machine attached to the body, which are able to detect physical activity more accurately.
Adipose Tissue ; Arm ; Basal Metabolism ; Body Composition ; Body Weight ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Humans ; Jogging ; Leisure Activities ; Motor Activity ; Muscles ; Sample Size ; Transportation ; Walking

BACKGROUND: Nowadays, decreased physical activity is considered to be a contributor to increase the prevalence of many diseases such as obesity, coronary heart disease and so on. Many researches demonstrated that regular physical activity reduce all cause mortality. To increase the physical activities of the population, accurate estimation of the activities is needed. Actical and actigraph are confirmed as accurate tools to measure physical activities. But the target populations of the validity studies were not Asian people. Therefore, the accuracy of the accelerometers should be confirmed in Asian people. The accuracy of the tools could be different. Therefore head to head comparison study between the tools would be needed. METHODS: Thirty volunteers from the community, ages over 20 yrs, were recruited. The participants put on the two accelerometers (Actical, Actigraph) on the waists, secured with elastic belts, and performed a session of rest and three structured activities (two walking speeds, 4 km/hr and 6 km/hr, and one jogging speed, 8 km/hr). During each activity, expired respiratory gases were collected, and oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured by indirect calorimetry (Model Quark beta2(R)). The calories measured by gas analyzer and two accelerometers were compared by correlation analysis using SPSS program. RESULTS: Pearson correlation coefficient between gas analyzer and two accelerometers was calculated at three structured activities. The r in Actical was 0.747, 0.785, and 0.677, at speed of 4, 6, 8 km/hr, respectively (P<0.05), and the same measures in Actigraph was 0.617, 0.737, and 0.530 (P<0.05), respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient was also calculated between the two accelerometers, and the r was 0.881, 0.927, and 0.824, at each speed. CONCLUSION: The Actical and Actigraph are valid tools for measuring physical activities in Korean people.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Calorimetry, Indirect ; Coronary Disease ; Gases ; Head ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Jogging ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Oxygen Consumption ; Prevalence ; Walking

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis through proper diagnosis in a rural community and to elucidate the relevant factors of this health problem in order to develop educational methods for the prevention of female knee osteoarthritis as well to provide basic data for prospective research. METHODS: Over a period of three months starting from August, 2000, 432 women over the age of 40 and living in a rural area were selected by a multistage cluster sampling method in order to investigate the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis and the related factors. The study utilized interviews and radiological examination. The criteria of knee osteoarthritis used was the American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for osteoarthritis of the knee(1995). RESULTS: The adjusted prevalence of knee osteoarthritis among the subjects was 55.0%, and multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of knee osteoarthritis among subjects 50-59 years of age and subjects older than 60 years of age as compared to subjects 40-49 years of age were 2.43(95% CI: 1.30-4.70) and 4.40(95% CI: 2.47-7.83), respectively. The OR of knee osteoarthritis among factory workers or farmers as compared to others was 1.79(95% CI: 1.03-3.12). The OR of knee osteoarthritis among subjects who had a family history and subjects who had knee injury or surgical history against those subjects had neither were 2.56(95% CI: 1.42-4.63) and 4.70(95% CI:1.45-15.19), respectively. The OR of knee osteoarthritis among smokers against non smokers was 0.47(95% CI: 0.22-0.97). CONCLUSIONS: Related factors of knee osteoarthritis included age, occupation, family history, smoking, knee injury and history of surgery. In order to prevent knee osteoarthritis in high risked rural woman, education concerning self-care methods and safety guideline must be provided at the work place by the public and private health sectors. Additionally, these women should be continually encouraged to exercise, including jogging and swimming regularly.
Classification ; Diagnosis ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Jogging ; Knee Injuries ; Knee* ; Logistic Models ; Occupations ; Osteoarthritis ; Osteoarthritis, Knee* ; Prevalence* ; Rheumatology ; Rural Population ; Self Care ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Swimming ; Workplace

Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis has been recognized a variant of exercise-induced anaphylaxis charaterised by symptoms occuring on exertion after certain meal. We experienced a patient who developed an anaphylaxis induced by wheat flour made food followed by exercise only in cold temperature. A 22-year-old male patient was presented urticaria, angioedema, dyspnea, and loss of consciousness induced by exercise after ingestion of wheat flour made food only in winter. Skin prick test was negative for wheat or bread but positive for mushroom. By contrast, RAST was positive for wheat and negative for mushroom. In order to confirm the diagnosis exercise challenge test was done. The attack developed after ingestion of wheat flour made food and 10 min of outdoor jogging in temperature about 10 degrees C, but not by indoor treadmill test in temperature about 20 degrees C or ingestion of mushroom. This is the first case of food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis developed only in cold temperature in Korea.
Agaricales ; Anaphylaxis* ; Angioedema ; Bread ; Cold Temperature ; Diagnosis ; Dyspnea ; Eating ; Exercise Test ; Flour ; Humans ; Jogging ; Korea ; Male ; Meals ; Skin ; Triticum ; Unconsciousness ; Urticaria ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Ligament reattachment technique using a suture anchor appears to show satisfactory functional outcomes and mechanical stability compared with conventional bone tunnel technique. This study was prospectively conducted in order to evaluate functional outcomes of modified Brostrom procedures using the suture bridge technique for chronic ankle instability in athletes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty eight athletes under 30 years of age were followed for more than two years after undergoing the modified Brostrom procedure using the suture bridge technique. Functional evaluation consisted of the foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS), foot and ankle ability measure (FAAM) score. Range of motion and time to return to exercise were evaluated using a periodic questionnaire. Talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation were measured through stress radiographs for evaluation of mechanical stability. RESULTS: FAOS improved significantly from preoperative mean 59.4 points to 91.4 points (p<0.001). Daily living and sport activity scores of FAAM improved significantly from preoperative mean 50.5, 32.5 points to 94.8, 87.3 points, respectively (p<0.001). Talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation improved significantly from preoperative mean 16.8degrees, 13.5 mm to 4.2degrees, 4.1 mm at final follow-up (p<0.001). Times to return to exercise were as follows: mean 10.2 weeks in jogging, 15.4 weeks in spurt running, 13.1 weeks in jumping, 11.5 weeks in walking on uneven ground, 9.1 weeks in standing on one leg, 7.2 weeks in tip-toeing gait, 8.4 weeks in squatting, and 10.6 weeks in descending stairs. CONCLUSION: Modified Brostrom procedure using the suture bridge technique showed satisfactory functional outcomes for chronic ankle instability in athletes. Optimal indication and cost-effectiveness of the suture bridge technique will be studied in the future.
Ankle* ; Athletes* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Gait ; Humans ; Jogging ; Leg ; Ligaments ; Prospective Studies ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Running ; Sports ; Suture Anchors ; Sutures* ; Walking ; Surveys and Questionnaires