INTRODUCTIONPatients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) often present with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). However, the relationship between EDS and OSA severity as measured by the apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) remains inconsistent. We hypothesise that this may be due to the usage and equal weightage of apnoea and hypopnoea events used in determining AHI and that apnoea and hypopnoea load as measured by their total durations may be a better metric to use. We sought to investigate if apnoea or hypopnoea load can display better correlation with ESS.

MATERIALS AND METHODSRetrospective analysis of 821 patients with AHI ≥5, who underwent in-laboratory polysomnogram for suspected OSA from January 2015-December 2015, was performed. Objective factors on polysomnogram were correlated with ESS.

RESULTSESS was correlated with age (r = -0.148, <0.001), number of apnoeas (r = 0.096, = 0.006), apnoea load (r = 0.102, = 0.003), apnoea index (r = 0.075, = 0.032), number of desaturations (r = 0.081, = 0.020), minimum SpO (r = -0.071, = 0.041), time SpO <85% (r = 0.075, = 0.031) and REM sleep duration (r = 0.099, = 0.004). Linear regression analysis found age ( <0.001), apnoea load ( = 0.005), REM ( = 0.021) and stage 1 sleep duration ( = 0.042) as independent factors correlated to ESS. The apnoea load calculated using duration in apnoea correlate with ESS in patients with severe OSA by AHI criteria compared to the mild category.

CONCLUSIONAHI does not correlate with ESS. Younger age, longer apnoea, stage 1 and REM sleep were independently related to higher ESS though the correlations were weak. Apnoea load should be taken into account when determining OSA severity.

Adult ; Age Factors ; Disorders of Excessive Somnolence ; diagnosis ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polysomnography ; methods ; Retrospective Studies ; Severity of Illness Index ; Singapore ; Sleep Apnea Syndromes ; physiopathology ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications ; diagnosis ; physiopathology ; Sleep, REM ; physiology ; Statistics as Topic

INTRODUCTION: Hospital-at-home programmes are well described in the literature but not in Asia. We describe a home-based inpatient substitutive care programme in Singapore, with clinical and patient-reported outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to a hospital-at-home programme from September 2020 to September 2021. Suitable patients, who otherwise required hospitalisation, were admitted to the programme. They were from inpatient wards, emergency department and community nursing teams in the western part of Singapore, where a multidisciplinary team provided hospital-level care at home. Electronic health record data were extracted from all patients admitted to the programme. Patient satisfaction surveys were conducted post-discharge. RESULTS: A total of 108 patients enrolled. Mean age was 67.9 (standard deviation 16.7) years, and 46% were male. The main diagnoses were skin and soft tissue infections (35%), urinary tract infections (29%) and fluid overload (18%). Median length of stay was 4 (interquartile range 3-7) days. Seven patients were escalated back to the hospital, of whom 2 died after escalation. One patient died at home. There was 1 case of adverse drug reaction and 1 fall at home, and no cases of hospital-acquired infections. Patient satisfaction rates were high and 94% of contactable patients would choose to participate again. CONCLUSION Hospital-at-home programmes appear to be safe and feasible alternatives to inpatient care in Singapore. Further studies are warranted to compare clinical outcomes and cost to conventional inpatient care.
Aftercare ; Aged ; Female ; Hospitalization ; Humans ; Length of Stay ; Male ; Patient Discharge ; Retrospective Studies ; Singapore

INTRODUCTION: Frailty is associated with adverse health outcomes and can be measured using the FRAIL scale. In Singapore, its use has been studied in tertiary hospitals but not in community hospitals. A tool to predict rehabilitation outcomes would allow for better risk stratification and allocation of resources. We aimed to determine whether the FRAIL scale is associated with rehabilitation outcomes in patients admitted to the community hospital setting, where post-acute care and rehabilitation are primarily delivered. METHODS: This was a retrospective cohort study. The FRAIL scale was utilised to screen 560 older adults who were admitted to a community hospital for rehabilitation. Data were analysed to determine the relationship between baseline characteristics and frailty status, with rehabilitation outcome measures of absolute functional gain, rehabilitation effectiveness, rehabilitation efficiency, length of stay and discharge destination. RESULTS: The combined score of the FRAIL scale showed significant negative association with absolute functional gain (P < 0.001), rehabilitation effectiveness (P < 0.001) and rehabilitation efficiency (P < 0.001), whereas it was positively associated with increased length of stay (P < 0.05) and a need for continued support in increased care settings (P < 0.001). Individual components of the FRAIL scale, in particular, the 'fatigue', 'ambulation' and 'loss of weight' components, appeared to be highly associated with rehabilitation effectiveness and efficiency, especially among pre-frail patients. CONCLUSION The utility of the FRAIL scale as an indicator of frailty status and its association with rehabilitative outcomes in the post-acute care setting were demonstrated. Moreover, the FRAIL scale may better predict the rehabilitative progress of pre-frail patients.
Humans ; Aged ; Frailty/diagnosis* ; Frail Elderly ; Geriatric Assessment ; Hospitals, Community ; Retrospective Studies ; Length of Stay ; Cohort Studies ; Treatment Outcome