Living systematic review (LSR) is a systematic review methodology that incorporates regular updates to integrate new evidence, aiming to rapidly reflect the latest research findings. Although LSRs are increasingly adopted in clinical fields, their reporting quality remains inconsistent and lack of standardized guidelines. To standardize LSR reporting, the PRISMA 2020 statement has released an extension checklist (PRISMA-LSR). This paper describes the background of PRISMA-LSR release and main revisions, and interprets it with examples, with the goal of guiding future LSR research and enhancing reporting quality.

Thrombocytopenia is one of the common complications with the hematologic system in patients with chronic liver disease, which often causes poor quality of life and high risk of bleeding, thereby affecting their diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Platelet transfusion can improve the patient's declining platelet count to a certain extent, but it has problems such as high price and being easy to cause immune rejection. Thrombopoietin (TPO), as an important cytokine that affects platelet production, can bind to TPO receptors and activate megakaryocytes to produce platelets. Lusutrombopag is a newly developed small-molecule TPO receptor agonist that can induce bone marrow progenitor cells to differentiate into megakaryocytes and increase platelet production, posing characteristics of oral convenience, safety and effectiveness; thus, it has been used in many countries and regions for the treatment of patients with chronic liver diseases concurrent with thrombocytopenia. Herein, the pharmacological features and clinical research are reviewed.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of orthodontic traction on the microstructure of dental enamel. METHODS: Forty-eight isolated premolars were randomly divided into 6 groups (=8), including Group A (blank control group), in which the teeth were bonded with the orthodontic brackets without any loading force; Groups B1, B2, and B3 where the teeth were bonded with the orthodontic brackets using clinical adhesives and loaded with 50 g force for 6 months, 200 g force for 6 months, and 200 g force for 1 month, respectively; and Groups C1 and C2, where the teeth were bonded with straight wire brackets using light curing bonding and chemical curing bonding techniques, respectively. All the teeth were embedded with non-decalcified epoxy resin. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and energy spectrometer (EDS) were used to analyze interface morphology and elemental composition of the teeth sliced with a hard tissue microtome. RESULTS: Compared with those in Group A, the teeth in the other 5 groups showed increased adhesive residue index with microcracks and void structures on the enamel surface under SEM; AFM revealed microcracks on the enamel surface with angles to the grinding direction. A larger loading force on the bracket resulted in more microcracks on the enamel interface. The interface roughness differed significantly between Groups A and C2, and the peak-to-valley distance differed significantly between Groups A, C, and C2. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic traction can cause changes in the microstructure of normal dental enamel.
Dental Enamel ; Materials Testing ; Orthodontic Brackets ; Resin Cements ; Surface Properties ; Traction

Objective To establish the cardiac arrest (CA) model in rats by modified transcutaneous electrical stimulation on epicardium. Methods This study was performed in the Emergency Medicine laboratory in Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology. After 10 Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 330-380 g were anesthetized, two acupuncture needles connected to the anode and cathode of a stimulator were transcutaneously inserted into the epicardium as electrodes. The puncture points were located quantitatively according to the anatomical structure of the rat chest. The electrical stimulation was maintained for 3 minutes to induce ventricular fibrillation(VF). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) included chest compressions, intravenous adrenaline and defi brillation operated at 6 min after a period of nonintervention. Results CA was induced after the implement of the effective electrical stimulation in all ten rats in this experiment. The average current intensity to induce VF was (1.80 ± 0.59) mA, the average time to induce CA was (5.07 ± 2.37)s,the average time of the total electrical stimulation was(187.50 ± 12.75)s and the total time of CA was 6 min. At the end of the electrical stimulation, 9 rats presented VF and 1 rat showed pulseless electrical activity. The restoration of spontaneous circulation was achieved in all 10 rats. The average time of CPR was(190.90±68.60) s, the mean numbers of defi brillation were(1.20 ± 0.63) , and he average number of adrenaline application were (1.20 ± 0.42) times. Neither visible hemorrhage on epicardium nor gross pulmonary congestion was observed. Conclusions The modified transcutaneous electrical stimulation on epicardium to produce CA model in rats is an easily applicable and effective technique. This model may provide an alternative for experimental research of CPR.

Objective To explore a new efficient extraction method of dorsal root ganglions(DRGs)of rats by exploring and extracting DRGs reversely along the nerve traveling pathway. Methods The DRGs were extracted by the traditional method of opening the intervertebral foramina and the new method, extracting DRGs reversely along the nerve traveling pathway,respectively. The time consuming and the number of intact DRGs obtained with these two method were compared. Results The number of intact DRGs(L3-5segments,both sides)extracted from each rat with the traditional method was(3.08 ± 1.31),and the average time consuming of each DRG was(5.58 ± 1.21)min. As for the new method ,the number of intact DRGs extracted from each rat was(4.29 ± 1.08), and the average time consuming was(1.69 ± 0.91)min,significantly better than that of the traditional method(P < 0.05 for both). Conclusions The new method of exploring and extracting DRGs reversely along the nerve traveling pathway is more efficient for obtaining intact DRGs of rats,providing more useful tissue materials for subsequent culture and morphological studies of DRG cells.

OBJECTIVETo observe the clinical effects of needle-pricking therapy, a newly medical and minimally invasive technique, for functional retrograde ejaculation and to explore its mechanism. Methods Thirty-six patients with functional retrograde ejaculation were randomly divided into an observation group(19 cases) and a control group(17 cases) In the observation group,needle-pricking therapy was used at Guanyuan(CV 4) and bilateral sacral plexus nerve,lumbar 1 nerve and greater occipital nerve stimulating points,once a week. In the control group, midodrine tablets were prescribed orally,three times a day. All the treatment was given for 9 weeks. The clinical effects of the two groups were observed, and the levels of luteinizing hormone(LH), testosterone(Tes) and estra4 diol(E2) were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThe total effective rate of the observation group was, 89. 47%(17/19), which was better than 47.06% (8/17) of the control group(P<0. 05). The LH and Tes were obviously increased and E2 was decreased compared with those before treatment in the observation group(all P< 0. 01). Tes was raised(P<0. 05) and E2 was apparently declined in the control group(P<0. 01). After treatment, the differences of serum LH and Tes were statistically significant between the two groups(both P<0. 01).

CONCLUSIONNeedle-pricking therapy has advantages for functional retrograde ejaculation probably in that stimulating lumbosacral nerves can strengthen the function of pelvic floor muscles and urethral expansion muscle and regulate sexual gland axis.

Acupuncture Points ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Adult ; Ejaculation ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Needles ; Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological ; physiopathology ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To approach the effect of Shenfu injection (SFI) and conventional early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) on organ functions and outcomes of septic shock patients. Methods Eighty-four cases conformed to the criteria for the diagnosis of septic shock admitted to Department of Critical Care Medicine of Xuzhou Central Hospital were randomly divided into conventional treatment group (42 cases), and SFI treatment group (42 cases). Conventional treatment was given in the two groups;in SFI treatment group, SFI 100 mL was additionally given by trace continuous intravenous pump 20 mL/h, twice daily for 7 days. Before and after treatment for 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hours, the levels of hemodynamic status, lactic acid and dosage of vasoactive drugs used, organ function, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) score, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score, the time of weaning from ventilator, the length of stay in intensive care unit (ICU), time without organ failure and 28-day mortality rate were observed. Results Compared with those before treatment, after treatment in the two groups, the mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) were increased, while the levels of heart rate (HR) and lactate were decreased (all P<0.05). Compared with conventional treatment group, in SFI treatment group, after treatment for 24 hours, the MAP level was increased significantly [mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa):75.40±9.75 vs. 71.80±11.08, P < 0.05], that continued to 48 hours; after treatment for 6 hours, the CI level was increased obviously (mL·s-1·m-2: 75.18±34.84 vs. 67.35±39.34, P < 0.05) , that continued to 48 hours; after treatment for 6 hours, the lactic acid level was decreased markedly (mmol/L: 2.03±0.82 vs. 2.24±0.97, P < 0.05);in the comparison of dosage of vasoactive drugs used between two groups, the difference was not significant (all P >0.05). Compared with that before treatment, in the conventional treatment group after treatment for 1 and 3 days, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) was increased, on the 5th day it began to decrease, reaching its minimum on the 7th day (U/L:26.75±16.74 vs. 46.96±25.85);while in SFI treatment group, GGT was increased after treatment for 1 day, on 3rd day it began to decrease, reaching its lowest level on the 7th day (U/L:22.41±17.87 vs. 51.23±27.74);aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total bilirubin (TBil), oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) were increased after the treatment for 1, 3, 5, 7 days, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) were decreased at different time points after treatment. In the conventional treatment group, the precursor protein (PA) was decreased after treatment for 1, 3, 5 days, on the 7th day it was increased (mg/L:134.20±63.44 vs. 115.70±45.96);while in SFI treatment group, after the treatment for 1 days and 3 days, it was decreased, on the 5th day it was increased, reaching its highest level on the 7th day (mg/L:145.40±59.75 vs. 108.20±54.34). Compared with those before treatment, after treatment for 1, 3, 5, 7 days, APACHEⅡscore and SOFA score were decreased in the two groups, but there was no statistically significant difference in APACHEⅡscore between the two groups, in SFI treatment group after treatment for 3 days, SOFA score was significantly lower than that of the conventional treatment group (6.31±3.86 vs. 7.14±4.03, P<0.05), that continued to the 7th day after treatment. In SFI treatment group, the time for weaning from ventilator (days:7.5±3.5 vs. 9.1±3.2) and the length of stay in ICU (days: 16.1±9.2 vs. 18.7±8.3) were significantly shorter than those in conventional treatment group (both P<0.05). There were no significant differences in time without organ failure (days:14.5±4.2 vs. 15.3±3.1) and 28-day mortality rate [28.6%(12/42) vs. 31.0%(13/42)] between SFI group and conventional group (both P>0.05). Conclusion The combined use of SFI and EGDT can improve hemodynamics, reduce damage to vital organs, and shorten the times for ventilation and stay in ICU in septic shock patients.

Objective To explore the prognostic value of APACHE Ⅱscore in patients with Severe acute organophosphorus poi-soning .Methods 42 patients with Severe acute organophosphorus poisoning ,in which 34 cases survived ,8 cases dead ,were select-ed .The APACHE Ⅱscores of patients in first 24 h of admission were collected ,and receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC curve) were drawn .Results APACHE Ⅱ score of the 42 patients with Severe acute organophosphorus poisoning was 18 ~30 (20 .11 ± 6 .32) ,in which the survival group was(16 .10 ± 3 .12) ,the dead group was(28 .01 ± 4 .46) (P<0 .01) .With the increase of APACHE Ⅱ score ,the fatality rate gradually increased .The total area under the ROC curves of APACHE Ⅱ score for death judgment was 0 .922 ,APACHE Ⅱ score of 21 .2 was the best diagnostic point ,the sensitivity was 95% ,and specificity was 89% . Conclusion The APACHE Ⅱscore could predict severity of patients with Severe acute organophosphorus poisoning ,and APACHEⅡscore ≥21 .2 could be used as the prognosis for death of the patients .

Objective To study the expression of S100A8 and the relationship between S100A8 and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury.Methods C3H/HeJ mice with TLR4 gene mutation (n =30) and C3H/HeN with normal TLR4 gene mice (n =30) were divided into 4 groups at random (random number),namely C3H/HeJ model group (n =18),C3H/HeJ control group (n =12),and C3H/HeN model group (n =18).C3H/HeN control group (n =12).Middle cerebral artery was occluded to make I/R model in mice by using thread embolism method.Brain tissues were collected after ischemia for one hour and reperfusion for 12 hours.Stroke outcome was evaluated by determination of infarct volume of brain tissue and assessment of neurological scores.And brain injury after cerebral I/R was observed by optical microscope after TTC and HE staining.The immunofluorescence technique and RT-PCR were used to determine the protein level and expression of S100A8 mRNA in damaged brain tissues.Results Compared with C3H/HeN model mice,TLR4-deficient model mice (C3H/ He J) had lower infarct volumes and better outcomes of neurological function after resuscitation for 12 hours.Compared with control groups,the expression of S100A8 mRNA and level of S100A8 protein increased greatly in damaged brain tissues of model mice after I/R injury.In addition,model mice with lacked TLR4 (C3H/HeJ) had lower expression of I/R-induced S100A8 mRNA than C3H/HeN mice in model group,indicating that the close relationship between the levels of S100A8 and TLR4.Conclusions S100A8 interaction with TLR4 might be involved in brain damage and in inflammation triggered by I/R injury.

Objective To explore the use of pulse indication contour cardiac output (PiCCO) as a guidance for fluid resuscitation and vasopressors employment in patients with septic shock in order to find out the efficacy of this resuscitation strategy in the respect of outcome of patients. Mtthod A total of 30 patients with septic shock were treated with the EDGT fluid treatment protocol as the conventional treatment group from December 2006 to June 2008; and another 26 patients were given fluid treatment under the guidance of PiCCO as PiCCO group from July 2008 to October 2009. Exclusion criteria included patients with history of heart and lung diseases, and liver and kidney dysfunction. The mean arterial blood pressure was maintained above or equal to 65mmHg in PiCCO group,and fluid resuscitation was concluded when global end-diastolic volume index reached 600～750 mL·-2 with the stroke volume variation in ＜ 10% and without auricular fibrillation. Nor-epinephrine was administrated to adiust the systemic peripheral vascular resistance index during 1300～1500 d·s·cm-5·m-2.Dobutamine was empoyed when global ejection fraction was compromised. The options of liquid and diuretics depend upon the presence d extra-vascular lung water. Central venous oxygen saturation and the level of lactate were observed 6hours after resuscitation. The liquid equilibrium for 3 days and the dosage of vasopressors were also recorded. The rate of survival, the time taken for weaning from mechanical ventilation, the days of ICU stay and rate of intact organ function within 28 days were compared between two groups. Results The demphics of patients of two goups were similar. There were no significant difference between PiCCO and the conventional group in values of central venous oxygen saturation and lactate 6 hours after admission to ICU (P ＞ 0.05). And 6 h and 1d after fluid resuscitation, the dosages of dobutamine and the dosages of nor-epinephrine used in PiCCO group were significantly higher than those in conventional group in which the dosages of dobutamine in two groups were [(145.4±24.5)mg vs. (104.2 ± 46.3) mg and (330.2 ± 30.3) mg vs. (202.4 ± 40.3) mg], respectively, and the dosages of nor-epinephrine [(14.5±3.8) mgvs. (10.2±5.6) mgand (38.2±4.2) rng vs.(20.1±6.2) mg], respectively. However, the dosages of vasopressors were similar between two groups 2 d and 3 d later. The amounts of liquid administered to get equilibrium in 6 h and the 3 d in PiCCO group were significantly less than those in conventional group [(2121±578) mL vs. (2910±987) mL and (3845±435) mL vs. (4545 ± 765) mL and (2467±510) mLvs. (2867±618) mL and (951±332) mLvs. (1472±533) mL], respectively. The days required to get free from mechanical ventilation within 28d were significantly longer in PiCGO group[(19.7 ± 8.3) d vs.(15.1±9.1) d], but the days of ICU stay were significantly shorter in PiCCO group [(7.5 ± 3.5) d vs. (9.5±3.2) d] (P＜0.05). The rates of survival and days free from organ failure within 28 days of two groups were similar(P＞0.05). Conclusions When the early fluid management guided with PiCCO in septic shock patients,the fluid management can be implement more safely and precisely. It can shorten the days of ICU stay and days of mechanical ventilation support with avoidance of fluid resuscitation.