Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder and is the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide. Although this disease is rare in Korea, its prevalence may increase due to an increase of multicultural families. Patients with this deficiency are prone to hemolytic anemia provoked by specific drugs commonly used or prescribed in pediatric dentistry. It is necessary for pediatric dentists to have accurate knowledge of a patient's medical history and to consult with a pediatric hematologist to avoid oxidative stress that can lead to hemolysis. The most effective treatment is prevention of exposure to factors that may trigger anemia. Appropriate education regarding risk factors is essential for patients diagnosed with this disease. This case report aimed to discuss the drugs and dental management methods that should be cautious in children with G6PD deficiency.

Color stability of pulp-capping material is considered vital to the final aesthetic result since the material is placed in the coronal area. The purpose of this study was to compare the color stability of various pulp-capping materials by analyzing color change of tooth over time.
A cavity was formed in the crown of the extracted premolar, and 4 types of pulp-capping materials were filled. Color assessment was performed with a spectrophotometer at different intervals: before placement; immediately after material placement; 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks after placement.
Proroot white MTA® and TheraCal LC® showed a significant decrease in the L* value and an increase in the ΔE* value over time. In contrast, Biodentine® and Well-Root™ PT showed no significant change in the L* value and maintained a steady ΔE* value. The application of pulp-capping materials containing bismuth oxide as a radiopacifier may result in a color change of teeth. Long-term color stability of pulp-capping materials should be considered when treating teeth with thin enamel thickness or in aesthetically important area.

BACKGROUND: The patients receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) are known to have a high incidence of breakthrough nausea and vomiting due to the conditioning regimen. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adequacy of antiemetic therapy for breakthrough nausea and vomiting in patients receiving HSCT and to propose an effective treatment regimen. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of 109 adult patients. The collected data were used to identify (1) antiemetic and dosing regimens prescribed for controlling breakthrough nausea and vomiting, (2) the rate of patients who developed breakthrough nausea and vomiting, and (3) the percent of antiemetics prescribed on the day of symptom onset. Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guideline, we assessed the suitability of antiemetics for breakthrough nausea and vomiting, and prescription timing. RESULTS: All patients were prescribed pro re nata antiemetics. About 40.0%, 41.4%, and 18.6% of patients were using one, two, and three or more additional drugs for breakthrough nausea and vomiting, respectively. The most frequently administered drugs were intravenous metoclopramide (43.8%) and granisetron patch (36.2%). Breakthrough nausea and vomiting occurred in 87 patients (79.1%) and they developed symptoms 320 cases. About 220 cases (68.8%) were treated with additional antiemetics on the day of symptom onset and the rate of symptom resolution was only 10.3% (9 patients). CONCLUSION: The breakthrough nausea and vomiting in patients receiving HSCT occurred very frequently and was hard to control, thus requiring more rapid and aggressive treatments.
Adult ; Antiemetics ; Electronic Health Records ; Granisetron ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation* ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Metoclopramide ; Nausea* ; Prescriptions ; Retrospective Studies ; Vomiting*

Purpose: The annual statistics for poisoning are reported based on the data from poison control centers in many advanced countries. In 2016 a study was conducted to analyze the 2016 Korea Poisoning status. This study was conducted to make a better annual report for poisoning statistics in Korea from a 2017-2018 national representative database. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of poisoning patients based on the data from an emergency department (ED) based injury in-depth surveillance project by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017-2018. Bite or sting injuries were not included. Results: A total of 17714 patients presented to 23 EDs because of poisoning. Adults above 20 years old age accounted for 84.6% of the population, while the proportion of intentional poisoning was 60.8%. The poisoning substance presented in the ED were therapeutic drugs (51.2%), gas (20.3%), pesticides (16.4%), and artificial substances (11.4%). Overall, 35% of patients were admitted for further treatment. The mortality was 2.4% (422 cases), and the most common fatal substances in order were carbon monoxide, other herbicides, and paraquat. Conclusion This study showed the 2017-2018 status of poisoning in Korea. The prognosis is different from the cause of poisoning and the initial mental state of the patient. Therefore, appropriate methods for preventing poisoning and therapeutic plans in specific situations are needed.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A dietary restriction on the intake of fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAPs) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) tract complications. Enteral nutrition (EN) is widely used for patients who cannot obtain their nutritional requirements orally, but many studies have reported EN complications, especially diarrhea, in up to 50% of patients. SUBJECTS/METHODS: We performed a single-center, non-randomized, controlled trial to determine the effects of a low-FODMAP enteral formula on GI complications in patients in intensive care units (ICUs). Patients in the ICU who needed EN (n = 66) were alternately assigned to the low-FODMAP group (n = 33) or the high-FODMAP group (n = 33). RESULTS: Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured, and stool assessment was performed using King's Stool Chart. We excluded patients who received laxatives, GI motility agents, proton pump inhibitors, antifungal agents, and antibiotics other than β-lactams. There were no differences in GI symptoms during 7 days of intervention, including bowel sound, abdominal distension, and vomiting between the 2 groups. However, diarrhea was more frequent in the high-FODMAP group (7/33 patients) than the lowFODMAP group (1/33 patients) (P = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a low-FODMAP enteral formula may be a practical therapeutic approach for patients who exhibit enteral formula complications. Our study warrants further randomized clinical trials and multicenter trials.

Purpose: The annual statistics for poisoning are reported based on the data from poison control centers in many advanced countries. In 2016 a study was conducted to analyze the 2016 Korea Poisoning status. This study was conducted to make a better annual report for poisoning statistics in Korea from a 2017-2018 national representative database. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis of poisoning patients based on the data from an emergency department (ED) based injury in-depth surveillance project by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2017-2018. Bite or sting injuries were not included. Results: A total of 17714 patients presented to 23 EDs because of poisoning. Adults above 20 years old age accounted for 84.6% of the population, while the proportion of intentional poisoning was 60.8%. The poisoning substance presented in the ED were therapeutic drugs (51.2%), gas (20.3%), pesticides (16.4%), and artificial substances (11.4%). Overall, 35% of patients were admitted for further treatment. The mortality was 2.4% (422 cases), and the most common fatal substances in order were carbon monoxide, other herbicides, and paraquat. Conclusion This study showed the 2017-2018 status of poisoning in Korea. The prognosis is different from the cause of poisoning and the initial mental state of the patient. Therefore, appropriate methods for preventing poisoning and therapeutic plans in specific situations are needed.

Background: This study evaluated the effects of dexmedetomidine and propofol on brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the cerebrospinal fluid (c-BDNF) and mechanical allodynia in a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) rat model. Methods: After fixing the rat’s skull on a stereotactic frame under general anesthesia, craniotomy was performed. After impact, 10 µl of drug was injected into the cisterna magna (group S: sham, group D: dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg, group P: propofol 500 μg/kg, and group T: untreated TBI). The 50% mechanical withdrawal threshold (50% MWT) and c-BDNF level were measured on postoperative days (PODs) 1, 7, and 14. Results: The 50% MWT measured on PODs 1, 7, and 14 was lower and the c-BDNF level on POD 1 was higher in group T than in group S. In group D, the c-BDNF level on POD 1 was lower than that in group T and was comparable with that in group S during the whole study period. The 50% MWT of group D was higher than that of group T throughout the postoperative period. In group P, there were no significant differences in the 50% MWT during the entire postoperative period compared with group T; the c-BDNF level was higher than that in group T on POD 1. Conclusions Intrathecal administration of dexmedetomidine may attenuate TBI-induced mechanical allodynia for up to two weeks post-injury through immediate suppression of c-BDNF in mild TBI rats. The inhibition of c-BDNF expression in the acute phase reduced the occurrence of TBI-induced chronic neuropathic pain.

FLT3 mutations are common genetic changes, and are reported to have prognostic significance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD) and the D835 activating mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the genomic DNA of Korean patients with AML at diagnosis and during follow-up. There were 226 patients with AML enrolled between March 1996 and August 2005. The incidence of ITD and TKD at diagnosis was 13% (29/226) and 3% (6/226). When compared to Western and other Asian patients with AML, Korean patients had a lower frequency by about two-thirds of ITD and TKD. Among the non-M3 cases (N=203), the patients with an ITD had a significantly shorter event-free survival when compared with those without an ITD (p=0.0079). Among 54 relapsed patients, 9 patients had the FLT3 ITD at diagnosis. Six patients demonstrated a reappearance of the ITD and 3 patients remained negative at relapse. One patient, among 45 patients who relapsed, had a negative baseline ITD but acquired a de novo ITD at relapse. There were 101 samples from 93 patients in remission; they were all negative for an ITD. Among 34 patients who failed to achieve a remission, five patients had a persistent ITD and one patient had a de novo ITD. These results support the concept of resistance of FLT3 ITD leukemic clones to chemotherapy. Therefore, effective therapy with FLT3 targeting agents may improve the prognosis of non-M3 AML patients with the FLT3 mutation.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/*genetics ; Male ; Middle Aged ; *Mutation ; Prognosis ; Recurrence ; Remission Induction ; fms-Like Tyrosine Kinase 3/*genetics