Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) can cause immunosuppression on herds. PCV2, as an essential pathogen of PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), has caused considerable economic losses in pig industry worldwide. Here we review and address the evolution, viral protein and immunolesion of PCV2 and preventive techniques of PCV2-SD.
Animals ; Circoviridae Infections ; veterinary ; Circovirus ; genetics ; Phylogeny ; Swine ; Swine Diseases ; virology ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

A quail-origin subtype of the influenza virus was isolated from a human-infecting H7N9 subtype of the avian influenza virus found in a live poultry market and was given the name A/Quail/Hangzhou/1/ 2013 (H9N2). We analyzed the whole genome of this virus and its biologic characteristics. Sequence analyses suggested that the: HA and NS genes belonged to a CK/BJ/1/94-like lineage; NA, NP, PA and PB1 genes belonged to a SH/F/98-like lineage; M and PB2 genes belonged to a G1-like lineage. Analyses of key amino acids showed that the cleavage site in HA protein was PSRSSR ↓ GL, and that the HA protein had a human receptor-binding site with Leu226. Deletion of amino acids 69 - 73 was detected in the stalk of NA protein, the M2 protein had an Asn31 mutation, and the NS1 protein had two mutations at Ser42, Ala149. The intravenous pathogenicity of this virus was 0.36. A study in chickens suggested that all inoculated birds shed the virus from the trachea and cloaca on the third day post-infection (p. i. ) until 11 days. All chickens that had direct contact shed the virus on the second day p. i. until 8 days. Results of virus reisolation suggested that lung and tracheal tissues could shed the virus in 5 days, whereas the other organs could shed the virus in 3 days. These results suggest that this virus strain is H9N2 subtype LPAIV, whose lineage is prevalent in mainland China. This research provides evidence on how to monitor and prevent the H9N2 subtype of the avian influenza virus.
Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Chickens ; China ; Genotype ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Influenza in Birds ; virology ; Phylogeny ; Quail ; virology

Objective To research the effect of regulating systemic inflammatory response by using ulinastatin in elderly patients after sevoflurane inhalation of postoperation cognitive function. Methods 60 patients under went elective abdominal surgery, were randomly double-blinded divided into 2 groups. Every group had 30 patients.Group A accepted continuously intravenousiy infusion ulinastatin 2000 units · kg-1 · h-1 , while group B got equivalent continuously intravenous infusion 0.9% sodium chloride injection. The time point of opening eye, extubation, response and the mini-mental state examination(MMSE) score on different time points were observed. Meanwhile, the changes of concentration of hs-CRP, IL-6,IL-10 were measured. Results Compared with two groups,group A has shorter time on response(F =4.399,P = 0.040). Two both groups had decrease of MMSE score 1 hour after surgery compared with preoperation(t =7. 732,11. 916, both P ＜ 0.01), and the score were less than the preoperative value of more than 2 points which showed cognitive decline in patients. But group A's rate of decline in MMSE score was lower than group B(F = 7. 582 ,P =0.012). Both groups had the MMSE score decline 6h after surgery (t = 4. 606,8. 615, both P ＜ 0.05). Group A's score was less than the preoperative value for less than 2 points, group B's score was lower than the preoperative value for more than 2 points, but the difference between the two groups was not significant (P ＞0. 05). Both groups had higher concentrations of hs-CRP、IL-6 、IL-10 at postoperative 1 d ,3d ,7d (all P ＜ 0.01), peaked at postoperative 1 d, and hadn't come back to the preoperative level 7d*after surgery. In group A, the concentrations of hs-CRP, IL-6 increased (postoperative 1 d,3d), but the rate was lower than the group B (F = 14. 885, P = 0.000;F = 4. 405, P = 0. 040; F = 18. 204, P = 0.000; F = 8. 074, P = 0. 006); while the increased rate of concentration of IL-10 was higher than the group B(F=5.197,P=0.026;F= 12.236,P =0.000). Conclusion Ulinastatin could promote the elderly after sevoflurane inhalation rapid recovery of cognitive function, which may be related to the regulation of systemic inflammatory response.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and security of splenic artery ligation for severe hypersplenism during liver transplantation.Method Thirty-two liver transplant patients with preoperative hypersplenism were selected,including 17 cases (ligation group) treated by splenic artery ligation during liver transplantation,and rest 15 patients as non-ligation group.The fluctuation of white blood cells,platelets and volume of spleen were compared between these two groups.At the same time,splenic infarction,postoperative infection,recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding,splenic artery steal syndrome and other complications were observed in these two groups.Result All recipients were followed up for over 6 months.One recipient in ligation group died of multiple organ dysfunction caused by delayed recovery of liver donor with the survival rate being 94.1％ (16/17).The survival rate in non-ligation group was 93.3 ％ (14/15) (one recipient died of respiratory failure caused by pulmonary infection).There was no statistically significant difference in survival rate between these two groups (P＞0.05).Splenic necrosis wasn't detected in the ligation group.The splenic volume in ligation group was significantly less than that in non-ligation group (P＜0.01).The products of splenic maximum length and wide diameter shrunk 33.17-± 8.26 cm2 and 22.47 ± 7.25 cm2 in ligation group and non-ligation group,respectively.The platelet counts of ligation group were significantly greater than those of non-ligation group in all the observation points within 6 postoperative months (P＜0.01).The white blood cell counts of ligation group were greater than those of non-ligation group at the first week postoperatively (P＜0.01),whereas,there was no statistically significant difference between these two groups from then on (P＞0.05).The infection incidence of ligation group was lower than that of non-ligation group within 6 postoperative months (P ＜0.05).Statistically significant differences in recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding and splenic artery steal syndrome weren't found between these two groups (P＞0.05).Conclusion Splenic artery ligation in liver transplantation is safe and effective.It can rapidly increase the counts of platelet and white blood cell in the earlier postoperative time,which is beneficial to patient's recovery.Besides,it adds no correlative complication.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have reported the cause and treatment of biliary complication. However, how to improve operative technique for preventing the complication is rarely reported.
OBJECTIVE:To explore the effect of operational skil s during liver transplantation on biliary complications.
METHODS:Biliary complications in 475 patients who underwent liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. The relationship between operational skil s and biliary complications after liver transplantation was observed. The potential risk factors about operative technique were summarized. Some preventive interventions for biliary complications were suggested.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Biliary complication was diagnosed in 36 (7.6%) of 475 patients who underwent liver transplantation. They were nonanastomotic biliary stricture (n=19, 4.0%), anastomotic biliary stricture (n=7, 1.5%), biliary leakage (n=3, 0.6%), twisted common biliary duct (n=3, 0.6%), residual common duct stone (n=1, 0.2%), and neoformative common duct stone (n=3, 0.6%). There was no difference in the incidence of nonanastomotic biliary stricture among the three biliary anastomotic styles. The possibility of anastomotic biliary stricture in placing T-drainage tube group was lower than the other two groups according to clinical data. Nevertheless, there was no statistical difference between these three groups. Infusing UW into the liver from cranial mesenteric vein and douching the biliary duct immediately while taking the donor could decrease the incidence of biliary complication after liver transplantation (P=0.013 and P=0.018, OR=0.26 and OR=0.28), the later factor could also decrease the incidence of nonanastomotic biliary stricture (P=0.001, OR=0.09). Meanwhile, some operational skil s also decrease the incidence of biliary complications, such as protecting the artery around the biliary duct, and elevating the liver when suturing the common biliary duct.

Objective:To investigate the relationship among lymph vascular space invasion (LVSI) with clinicopathological factors and prognosis in early cervical cancer(CC).Methods:Retrospective analysis was conducted on 280 cases of early CC that were surgically treated at Dalian Maternal and Child Health Care hospital between January 2009 and June 2012.Univariate analysis was performed to study the relationship between LVSI and clinicopathological factors,the clinicopathological factors statistically associated with LVSI in univariate analysis were studied by multivariate analysis to identify the independent risk factors of LVSI.Results:①Univariate analysis showed that histological type,histological differentiation,lymph node metastasis and cervical stromal invasion depth were significantly correlated with LVSI (P ＜ O.05).Multivariate analysis showed that LVSI was an independent risk factor for differentiation,lymph node metastasis,and the depth of invasion.②The 5-year disease free survival(DFS) of LVSI positive patients was 74％,and the overall survival(OS) was 80％.The 5-year DFS and OS of LVSI negative patients were 93％ (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions:LVSI can reflect the potential risk of lymph node metastasis to some extent.LVSI is the independent risk factor of lymph node metastasis and can significantly reduce the DFS and OS.Patients with LVSI positive may have deeper infiltration and poorer differentiation,but more studies are needed to confirm it.

Recombinant expression plasmid of pET-28a (+)-goIL-2 was constructed by inserting the goose IL-2 gene without the signal peptide sequence into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a (+), and transformed into the bacterial competent E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells for expression. After IPTG induction, an expected protein band with molecular weight of 15.0 kD was observed on SDS-PAGE gel, recognized by monoclonal antibody against goose IL-2 in western-blotting assay. In the pET-28a (+) expression system, much of the recombinant goose IL-2 (rgoIL-2) was found in inclusion bodies with a portion of soluble protein. The monomer and multimers of soluble goose interleukin 2 proteins were observed in native electrophoresis. The rgoIL-2 proteins were purified by Ni-NTA column under a native condition. The rgoIL-2 soluble protein monomer was isolated by a quick protein isolation and purification system of AKTA FPLC and identified by native PAGE. Bioactivity analysis showed that the rgoIL-2 monomer stimulated the proliferation of goose lymphocytes in vitro. This will establish a basis for further study about the biological function and clinical application of goose IL-2.
Animals ; Escherichia coli ; genetics ; metabolism ; Geese ; genetics ; Inclusion Bodies ; metabolism ; Interleukin-2 ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Solubility

Objective To analyze the correlation of tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)with the expression levels of regulatory T cell (Treg)and cytokines in peripheral blood. Methods A total of 56 patients who underwent liver transplantation in the 309th Hospital of People's Liberation Army from 2010 to 2014 were studied. According to the postoperative pathological data,all the patients were divided into the group of liver transplantation for HCC (HCC group,n=28)and group of liver transplantation for cirrhosis (liver cirrhosis group,n=28), of which the HCC group was further divided into non-recurrence group (n=8)and recurrence group (n=20)according to the situation of postoperative tumor recurrence. The expression levels of Treg and cytokines [vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),interleukin (IL)-2,IL-10,IL-12,transformation growth factor (TGF)-βand interferon (IFN)-γ]in peripheral blood of the patients in various groups were compared. Results Compared with the liver cirrhosis group,levels of IFN-γand IL-12 in the non-recurrence group increased significantly (both P<0.05);levels of Treg%,VEGF,IFN-γ, IL-10 and TGF-βin the recurrence group increased significantly,while levels of IL-2 and IL-12 decreased significantly (all P<0.05). Compared with the non-recurrence group,levels of Treg%,VEGF,IL-10 and TGF-βin the recurrence group increased significantly,while levels of IFN-γ,IL-2 and IL-12 decreased significantly (all P<0.05 ). Conclusions Levels of Treg and cytokines can be used to predict the tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for HCC.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of thymalfasin in the treatment of severe pulmonary infection after liver transplantation.Methods Twenty seven patients who developed severe lung infection after undergoing liver transplantation in Organ Transplant Institute of the 309 th Hospital of People’s Liberation Army from January 2008 to May 2014 were enrolled in this study.According to whether the application of thymalfasin,the patients were divide into thymalfasin group (n =11)and control group (n =16).In the thymalfasin group,thymalfasin was administered via subcutaneous injection at a dose of 1.6 mg once daily for consecutive two weeks.In the control group,conventional anti-infection therapy was delivered. Ventilator time,duration of fever,the length of intensive care unit (ICU)stay and mortality were statistically compared between two groups.And the incidence of acute rejection (AR)was monitored.Results Ventilator time,duration of fever,length of ICU stay of patients in the thymalfasin group were significantly shortened compared with those in the control group (all in P <0.05).There was no significant difference in the mortality between two groups.No clinical AR was observed in either group.No thymalfasin-related adverse event was found in the thymalfasin group.Conclusions Thymalfasin can improve the curative effect to anti-infection of patients with severe pulmonary infection after liver transplantation without the incidence of AR,which is efficacious and safe in the treatment of severe pulmonary infection.

Objective To discuss the relationship between Foxp3 +regulatory T cell (Treg)and tumor recurrence of patients after liver transplantation for primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) over University of California,San Francisco (UCSF)criteria.Methods Clinical data of 24 patients with HCC undergoing liver transplantation in the Organ Transplantation Research Institute of the 309 th Hospital of People's Liberation Army from January 2010 to December 2013 were retrospectively studied.During the follow-up,4 patients recurred (tumor recurrence group)and other 20 patients did not recur (tumor non-recurrence group).The blood samples of healthy people was selected as control group at the same period.The levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)were compared at different time points of the recurrence group and the non-recurrent group before and after transplantation.The levels of Foxp3 +Treg (Foxp3 +Treg%)were compared at different time points of the tumor recurrence group,the tumor non-recurrence group and the control group before and after transplantation.The relations between expression of Foxp3 +Treg and the levels of AFP,CD3 + and CD8 +T before and after transplantation were analyzed by correlation analysis.Results Compared with the level of Foxp3 +Treg before transplantation and the normal level,the expression of Foxp3 +Treg of patients in tumor non-recurrence group after transplantation firstly decreased,then gradually increased and finally stabilized at a low level.Compared with patients in tumor non-recurrence group,the levels of AFP and Foxp3 +Treg of patients in tumor recurrence group increased obviously and were significantly higher than the normal levels (both in P <0.01).Moreover,abnormal increase of Foxp3 +Treg at early stage was prior to AFP among the patients in tumor recurrence group.Correlation analysis indicated that the change of Foxp3 +Treg was consistent with the changes of AFP,which was positively correlated (P <0.01).But the change of Foxp3 +Treg was contrary to the change of effector T cells (CD3 +T cells and CD8 + T cells),which was negatively correlated (P <0.05-0.01).Conclusions Foxp3 +Treg is closely associated with tumor recurrence after liver transplantation for HCC.In the patients after liver transplantation for HCC over UCSF criteria,the higher Foxp3 +Treg is,the higher the recurrence risk is.Joint detection of AFP is beneficial to find tumor recurrence.