AIM To inVestigate the positiVe transcription elongation factor b(P-TEFb)expressjon and the effect of berberine on diabetic retina of the rat.METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus rat models were diabetic control rats(group A)that neither received STZ nor the high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet;16-wk diabetic rats without any drug treatment(group B);diabetic rats treated with berberine at a dose of 75,150 or staining and P-TEFb(cyclin-dependent kinases 9(CDK9)and cyclin T1)protein expression was detected by immunohistochemjstry.RESULTS The retinas of control group were thicker than those of other 6 groups.After thickness but no difference in retinal structure among all groups.Middle-.high-dose berberine and rosiglitazone fenofibrate showed no effect on CDK9 and cyclin T1 expression.CONCLUSION Berberine modulating P-TEFb level in diabetic retina may probably be one of the mechanisms to ameliorate retinopatby induced by STZ and the high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet.

AIM To investigate cyclin dependent kinase 9(Cdk9) and cyclin T1 protein expressions in diabetic rat kidney and the effect of berberine on them. METHODS Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were induced by injection (ip) with diet for 16 weeks. From week 17 to 32, diabetic rats were given berberine 75, respectively. The kidney tissue structure was observed with hematoxylin/eosin (HE) staining, kidney to body weight ratio was calculated, and Cdk9 and cyclin T1 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Compared with control rats, the volume of diabetic model rat glomerulus accreted, some intercapillary cells proliferated and mesangial region expanded, both glomerular basement membrane and renal tubular basement membrane thickened. Treatment with diabetic nephropathy symptom. The diabetic kidney to body weight ratio protein expressions in diabetic kidney to near control level. CONCLUSION Berberine regulates Cdk9 and cyclin T1 protein expressions in diabetic kidney which may partly contribute to ameliorate nephropathy complication induced by STZ and the high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet.

Retinopathy is a major cause of morbidity in diabetes and remains the primary cause of new blindness. Therefore, it is necessary to find new drug to treat diabetic retinopathy. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats were induced by injection (ip) with streptozotocin (STZ) 35 mg·kg-1 and fed with a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet 2 weeks later. From week 17 to 32, diabetic rats were given different doses of berberine 75, 150, and 300 mg·kg-1, fenofibrate 100 mg·kg-1 and rosiglitazone 4 mg·kg-1, separately. Retinal structure was observed with hematoxylin-eosin staining and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) α/δ/γ protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. The retina of control rats was thicker than that of other groups, 16 weeks treatment with berberine (150 and 300 mg·kg-1) and rosiglitazone 4 mg·kg-1 thickened the diabetic retina, but no difference existed in retinal structure among groups. Both berberine (150 and 300 mg·kg-1) and rosiglitazone 4 mg·kg-1 significantly decreased PPARγ expression in diabetic retina;while berberine (150 and 300 mg·kg-1) and fenofibrate 100 mg·kg-1 obviously increased both PPARα and PPARδ expressions in diabetic retina. Berberine modulates PPARα/δ/γ protein levels in diabetic retina which may contribute to ameliorate retinopathy complication induced by STZ and a high-carbohydrate/high-fat diet. It is expected that berberine might be a more beneficial drug to treat diabetic retinal complication comparing with fenofibrate and rosiglitazone.

Aim To study the effect of rhynchophylline on NMDA receptor 2B subunit(NR2B) mRNA expression in the nucleus accumbens(NAc) and amygdala(Amy) of amphetamine-induced condictioned place preference(CPP) rats.Method 56 male SPF grade Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control group,amphetamine-induced model group,model group with ketamine,model group with low,middle,high dose of rhynchophylline,and control group with rhynchophylline(n=8 for each group) The time of rats' staying in white compartment was measured in the 5th day,then NR2B mRNA expression in NAc and Amy of each rat was detected with in situ hybridization technology.Results The rats exhibited CPP after treated with 2 mg?kg-1?d-1 amphetamine for 4 d.Ketamine and rhynchophylline eliminated CPP effect,and the effect of rhychophylline showed a dose-dependence.In amphetamine-induced model group,NR2B mRNA expression in NAc and AMY of rats was significantly increased.Ketamine,middle and high dose of rhynchophylline blocked the increase of NR2B mRNA expression induced by amphetamine.Rhynchophylline had no effect on the basal level of RN2B mRNA expression in normal rats.Conclusion Inhibition of NR2B mRNA expression in NAc and AMY may contribute to the antagonistic effect of rhychophylline on amphetamine-induced CPP.

Objective:To summarize the notice of informed consent about gene information detection,and to provide a reference for ethical review of informed consent in clinical research involved gene information detection.Methods:We researched domestic and foreign literatures about gene information detection involved informed consent and comprehensively analyzed them.Results:Gene information detection caused the individual,family,and social aspects of privacy issues,and the right not to know gene information detection had been widely recognized.Informed consent was adopted in informed consent,which not only was respect for personal dignity and autonomy,but also was conducive to the effective use of gene resources.It should construct reasonable procedural system in le gal protection,guarantee the voluntary and authenticity of consent,and put it into practice.Based on the establishment of the right not to know,the Chinese law should also prohibit the implementation of gene detection or provision of gene information put forward by employers and insurance companies.In addition,it is strictly prohibited to detect infant incurable disease genes.Conclusion:In the ethical review of clinical research,when the conflict arises,it is necessary to design informed consent to resolve the conflict between the individuals' rights not to know and their personal health benefits,and to establish reasonable procedures in legislation to ensure the implementation of informed consent.

Objective:To explore the ethical review questions of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology caused in clinical research,and thus to provide a reference for matters needing attention of the ethical review involved in this technology in clinical.Methods:This paper summarized the ethical problems of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology at home and abroad,analyzed the reasons and put forward some suggestions for the application of new technology in line with China's national conditions.Results:It should allow CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology to be applied in somatic cell gene therapy,forbidden for genital gene therapy and not considered to enhance.Since CRISPR/Cas9 lack clear subject of responsibility ethics,it brings security,conflict of rights and social equality issues.The measures that need to be taken include the strengthening of cultural communication,the formation of ethic forms of gene editing technology,the establishment of independent ethical review body at national's level,the improvement of legal norms,the formulating of technical standards and ethical principles and the major support to gene editing research field at the national level.Conclusion:In view of the potential clinical application of CRISPR/Cas9,our country should progressively restrictively develop the embryonic gene editing techniques from the prohibition.The ethics committee is responsible for the ethical review and supervision of clinical research.Members of the ethics committee and ethical staff should strengthen the study of new knowledge,strictly docking policies and regulations from accepting the clinical research projects involving CRISPR / Cas9 to ethical review,and thus to ensure the effectively review the ethical problems of genetic editing technology project.

The frequent several ethical events in recent years suggested carry out the construction of ethical governance system involving human health-related research under the background of national governance. The subjects of ethical governance include the government, medical institutions, universities, scientific research institutes, enterprise, ethics committees, researchers, the public, etc., the multiple subjects are interrelated and interact with each other to restrict and standardize ethics through different governance tools. However, there are some problems in China’s ethical governance, such as the relative lag in the construction of ethical governance concept and system, insufficient multi-party participation, the difficulty in sole legislation to solve risk and ethical problems, the specification cannot be met, inadequate supervision, insufficient accountability for violations, researchers lack ethical awareness, ethical education lags behind and insufficient information disclosure to the public. It should be taken such as countermeasures as paying attention to the theoretical research of ethical governance system, strengthening the construction of ethical governance system, pluralistic co governance, agile governance, strengthening legislation, improving norms, implementing supervision, strengthening the construction of ethics committee, talent training, training researchers, ethical education, popular science public, academic self-discipline, information disclosure and public participation, so as to build a scientific and technological ethics governance system in line with China’s national conditions and in line with international standards, and contribute China’s wisdom for world ethical governance.

The frequent several ethical events in recent years suggested carry out the construction of ethical governance system involving human health-related research under the background of national governance. The subjects of ethical governance include the government, medical institutions, universities, scientific research institutes, enterprise, ethics committees, researchers, the public, etc., the multiple subjects are interrelated and interact with each other to restrict and standardize ethics through different governance tools. However, there are some problems in China’s ethical governance, such as the relative lag in the construction of ethical governance concept and system, insufficient multi-party participation, the difficulty in sole legislation to solve risk and ethical problems, the specification cannot be met, inadequate supervision, insufficient accountability for violations, researchers lack ethical awareness, ethical education lags behind and insufficient information disclosure to the public. It should be taken such as countermeasures as paying attention to the theoretical research of ethical governance system, strengthening the construction of ethical governance system, pluralistic co governance, agile governance, strengthening legislation, improving norms, implementing supervision, strengthening the construction of ethics committee, talent training, training researchers, ethical education, popular science public, academic self-discipline, information disclosure and public participation, so as to build a scientific and technological ethics governance system in line with China’s national conditions and in line with international standards, and contribute China’s wisdom for world ethical governance.

The artificial intelligence products such as diagnostic expert system and medical robot are constantly applied to medical field, which improve efficiency and benefit, and reduce the amount of labor of medical personnel, but also inevitably bring many ethical issues. The ethical challenges of artificial intelligence applying in medical field include fair benefits, unemployment, patient privacy, medical safety, division of responsibilities and supervision. The reasons may include failure to comply with basic ethical principles, technical defects, lack of legislation and supervision, implicit algorithm bias, poor data quality, insufficient public literacy and so on. The solutions proposed for the reasons included the definition of human priority, fault transparency and traceability, representative samples and researchers to avoid prejudice, the whole process supervision of research and development, production and sales, regulation to clarify moral and ethical boundaries, the legislation to improve the supervision and management system, the restriction of monopoly data, and the promotion of public awareness through education, and global governance to deal with challenges. It should ensure the application of artificial intelligence products in the medical field take "serving the interests of the human being and never harming human" as principle, under the premise of alleviating the repeated labor of medical staff to improve the efficiency and reducing the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis, effectively improve the medical service quality.

Objective To establish transgenic mice model with over expression of neuritin in bone mar-row,for the further study on the function of neuritin protein in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy. Methods Two pairs of transgenic mice(loxp-stop-loxp-neuritin and lyz-Cre/+)were fed and propagated,the DNA from the mice tails extracted and the genotype of transgenic mice identified by PCR. The wild type mice with B6 were as-signed as the controls,and the immunofluorescence was used to detect the accuracy of the neuritinloxp/+ _lyz -Cre/+. Results The two trensgenetic homozygous mice had the ability to reproduce,and the hybrid offsprings were neuritinloxp/+_lyz-Cre/+,neuritinloxp/-_lyz-Cre/+,neuritinloxp/+_lyz-Cre/-,neuritinloxp/-_lyz-Cre/-. The re-sults were met with the Mendel′s law. The results of immunofluorescence showed that the expression of neuritin of neuritinloxp/+_lyz-Cre/+ mice in bone marrow was significantly higher than the wild type mice(P < 0.05). Con-clusion The PCR method is of high reliability for identification of sub pus genotype and the female neuritinloxp/+mice mating with the male lyz-Cre/+ ones is an effective way for obtaining the neuritinloxp/+_lyz-Cre/+ mice.