PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to analyse the content of health-textbooks in elementary school in order to offer the basic data required for development or revision of health-textbook for elementary school. METHODS: This study was methodological study of the content of health-textbooks. The study sample consisted of 10 health-textbooks of elementary school which were edited in 2009~2010. The components of contents divides into holistic analysis and specific areas. RESULTS: One textbook was no introductory remarks and 2 textbooks were no preface. The health-textbooks consisted of 7 areas and were comprehensive for school education. The proportion of each was different in 10 textbooks. Sexuality and health was accounted for the largest portion of the seven areas in both the fifth and sixth grade. However, given that the mortality rate for the child's safety accidents is higher than in developed countries, the proportion of accident prevention and first aid can be relatively weak area. CONCLUSION: It is essential that health-textbooks empower schoolers to make healthy decisions through the promotion of useful life skills that provide a more integrated concept of health. Therefore, there is a need for approaches to health textbook to integrate more values of health.
Accident Prevention ; Developed Countries ; Education ; First Aid ; Humans ; Methods ; Mortality ; Sexuality

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine factors influencing changes in the self-esteem of multicultural adolescents over time. Methods: A longitudinal design was adopted to analyze secondary data. This study used the 2nd, 4th, and 6th year data of Multicultural Adolescents Panel Study (MAPS) collected by the Korea Youth Policy Institute. The linear mixed model was utilized to analyze self-esteem changes over time. Results: The factors of sex and age of the students, the mother’s Korean writing ability, and the Filipino or Japanese mothers had a significant effect on the self-esteem change of multi-cultural adolescents over time. Specifically, it was found that female students’ self-esteem was decreased by 0.04 (t=-2.39, p=.017) more than male students over time. As the subject’s age and mother’s Korean writing ability increased, self-esteem was decreased by 0.01 (t=-2.53, p=.011) and 0.03 (t=-2.52, p=.012) over time. In addition, compared to that of those who had mothers from Korea, self-esteem of those who had Filipino or Japanese mothers was decreased by 0.04 significantly. Conclusion Therefore, when developing a self-esteem promotion program, it is necessary to develop content by reflecting the characteristics of mothers as well as the gender and age of students. Furthermore, the significance of this study is in that it established a foundation for a positive self-identity of multicultural adolescents whose number is increasing recently by identifying factors affecting their self-esteem.

Purpose: This study examined patients’ call bell use and the relationship between call bell use and nursing care needs. Methods: Nursing staff was asked to report patients’ call bell use during 15 shifts over five days in integrated nursing care wards. Nursing care needs were measured using summary scores of nursing activities and activities of daily living (ADLs). The relationship between call bell use and nursing care needs was analyzed using a zero-inflated negative binomial regression model. Results: A total of 251 patients used call bells 235 times, with an average of 0.94 times per day. Only 72 patients (28.7%) used call bells once or more per day (range, 1~14 times), whereas the rest did not use call bells. Male gender, a high risk for falling, and a higher score on nursing activities were associated with a greater likelihood of using call bells. Pain and higher dependency on ADLs were associated with an increase in the frequency of call bell use. Conclusion Patients' call bell use needs to be minimized by meeting their nursing care needs to improve patient safety and nursing performance.

BACKGROUND: Attempting unhealthy weight control can be related to psychological problems such as suicidal ideations, depression, and eating disorders. Therefore, we analyzed the relationship between reduced meals for controlling weight and suicidal ideations in Korean women aged 20–40 years.METHODS: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey is a cohort survey investigating the health behavior, chronic disease prevalence, and food and nutrition intake status of the Korean population. Ours is a cross-sectional study of 1,761 Korean women aged 20–40 years who were especially interested in weight control and who participated in the 2010–2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination. We measured the percentages of smoking, drinking, educational standards, personal income, stress perception, depression, suicidal ideations, and obesity among the subjects. The participants' age and body mass index were measured as weighted means and standard errors. The relationship between reduced meals for controlling weight and suicidal ideations in Korean women aged 20–40 years was examined by logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: Of the 1,761 participants who took the survey, 642 participants experienced suicidal ideations. After making all adjustments, the odds ratio of suicidal ideations with reduced meals was 1.237 (0.588–2.602).CONCLUSION: The finding of this study revealed that there was no relationship between reduced meals for controlling weight and suicidal ideations.
Body Mass Index ; Chronic Disease ; Cohort Studies ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression ; Drinking ; Eating ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Meals ; Mental Health ; Nutrition Surveys ; Obesity ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Suicidal Ideation

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with career maturity among Korean high school students. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional design was adopted using secondary data from the 2012 Korean Welfare Panel Study (KoWePS). The participants were 496 high school students who completed the supplemental survey for children, which included items on career maturity, self-esteem, study stress, teacher attachment, relationship with parents, peer attachment, depression and anxiety. Descriptive statistics, the chi-square-test, the t-test, and a decision tree were used for data analysis. RESULTS: The decision tree identified five final nodes predicting career maturity after forcing self-esteem as the first variable. The highest predicted rate of high career maturity was associated with high self-esteem, experience of career counseling, and high teacher attachment. The lowest predicted rate of high career maturity was associated with low self-esteem and low attachment to friends. CONCLUSION: Factors influencing career maturity were varied by levels of self-esteem in Korean high school students. Thus, it is necessary to develop different approaches to enhance career maturity according to levels of self-esteem.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Child ; Decision Trees ; Depression ; Friends ; Humans ; Parents ; Self Concept ; Statistics as Topic ; Vocational Guidance

Purpose: The study aimed to examine the effects of nurse staffing levels on patient outcomes in long-term care hospitals in South Korea using path analysis. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of national data, which included the 2021 hospital assessment results of long-term care hospitals from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Data collection was performed between June 19 and June 27, 2023. The study sample consisted of 1,215 hospitals, and we analyzed the data using SAS 9.4 and Mplus 8 software. Results: The average numbers of patients per registered nurse, certified nursing assistant, and nursing staff, including both registered nurses and certified nursing assistant, was 10.00, 7.43, and 4.00, respectively. Path analysis revealed that the number of patients per registered nurse had direct effects on improvements in activities of daily living and indirect effects on indwelling catheterization, pressure ulcer improvement, and weight loss. The number of patients per certified nursing assistant had direct effects on new pressure ulcer development and pressure ulcer improvement, with no indirect effects. The number of patients per nursing staff had direct effects on pressure ulcer improvement and no indirect effects on other patient outcomes. Conclusion The findings suggest that establishing policies to evaluate staffing levels of registered nurse and certified nursing assistants separately is necessary in order to improve registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes in long-term care hospitals.

Purpose: The present study investigated the impact of lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) on late recurrence, gastric remnant cancer (GRC), and long-term survival after curative gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study utilized data from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database. Among 71,014 patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2009 and December 2012, 23,359 remained cancerfree for five years. Of these, 7,735 patients with health examination data within 2 years before surgery and 5 years after surgery were analyzed for lifestyle behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate the independent effects of these factors and changes in BMI on late recurrence, GRC, and longterm survival. Results: Late recurrence or GRC occurred among 628 patients (8.1%). Older age (≥60 years) and total gastrectomy were identified as risk factors. Although lifestyle behaviors and BMI changes did not directly affect recurrence, they significantly affected mortality. In the total gastrectomy group, current underweight status (hazard ratio [HR], 1.586) was associated with increased mortality. Among the partial gastrectomy group, continued smoking (HR, 1.366) and current underweight status (HR, 1.915) increased mortality risk. Conversely, regular physical activity (starting: HR, 0.674; continuing: HR, 0.699) and postoperative overweight or obesity (BMI >25 kg/m 2 ) (HR, 0.713) were associated with reduced mortality.Changes in alcohol consumption showed inconsistent effects between the partial and total gastrectomy groups. Conclusions The long-term survival of post-gastrectomy patients improved with smoking cessation, regular physical activity, and maintenance of body weight.

Purpose: The present study investigated the impact of lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) on late recurrence, gastric remnant cancer (GRC), and long-term survival after curative gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study utilized data from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database. Among 71,014 patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2009 and December 2012, 23,359 remained cancerfree for five years. Of these, 7,735 patients with health examination data within 2 years before surgery and 5 years after surgery were analyzed for lifestyle behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate the independent effects of these factors and changes in BMI on late recurrence, GRC, and longterm survival. Results: Late recurrence or GRC occurred among 628 patients (8.1%). Older age (≥60 years) and total gastrectomy were identified as risk factors. Although lifestyle behaviors and BMI changes did not directly affect recurrence, they significantly affected mortality. In the total gastrectomy group, current underweight status (hazard ratio [HR], 1.586) was associated with increased mortality. Among the partial gastrectomy group, continued smoking (HR, 1.366) and current underweight status (HR, 1.915) increased mortality risk. Conversely, regular physical activity (starting: HR, 0.674; continuing: HR, 0.699) and postoperative overweight or obesity (BMI >25 kg/m 2 ) (HR, 0.713) were associated with reduced mortality.Changes in alcohol consumption showed inconsistent effects between the partial and total gastrectomy groups. Conclusions The long-term survival of post-gastrectomy patients improved with smoking cessation, regular physical activity, and maintenance of body weight.

Purpose: The present study investigated the impact of lifestyle behaviors and body mass index (BMI) on late recurrence, gastric remnant cancer (GRC), and long-term survival after curative gastrectomy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study utilized data from the Korean National Health Insurance claims database. Among 71,014 patients with gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy between January 2009 and December 2012, 23,359 remained cancerfree for five years. Of these, 7,735 patients with health examination data within 2 years before surgery and 5 years after surgery were analyzed for lifestyle behaviors, including smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. Multivariable analysis was used to evaluate the independent effects of these factors and changes in BMI on late recurrence, GRC, and longterm survival. Results: Late recurrence or GRC occurred among 628 patients (8.1%). Older age (≥60 years) and total gastrectomy were identified as risk factors. Although lifestyle behaviors and BMI changes did not directly affect recurrence, they significantly affected mortality. In the total gastrectomy group, current underweight status (hazard ratio [HR], 1.586) was associated with increased mortality. Among the partial gastrectomy group, continued smoking (HR, 1.366) and current underweight status (HR, 1.915) increased mortality risk. Conversely, regular physical activity (starting: HR, 0.674; continuing: HR, 0.699) and postoperative overweight or obesity (BMI >25 kg/m 2 ) (HR, 0.713) were associated with reduced mortality.Changes in alcohol consumption showed inconsistent effects between the partial and total gastrectomy groups. Conclusions The long-term survival of post-gastrectomy patients improved with smoking cessation, regular physical activity, and maintenance of body weight.

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of recorded video monitoring on students' self-reflection after completing their clinical performance examination. Taking into account the particular cases involved in the examination, the present study utilized history-taking, physical examination, and patient education as bases for evaluating information-establishment ability, and asking, listening, understanding, explaining, and connectedness as the bases for evaluating patient-physician interaction ability. Student self-monitoring through recorded video feedback was carried out three days after completion of their clinical performance examination. Students self-evaluated their performance with a 10-point scale before and after self-monitoring. The results of this study show that students have a general tendency to lower their own self-evaluation scores after self-monitoring. Although there was not a statistically significant change of interrelationship in the information-establishment ability evaluation, there was a meaningful change of interrelationship in the patient-physician interaction ability evaluation after self-monitoring; specifically, in the case of acute lower abdominal pain, a high correlation was found (r=0.31, p=0.02) between the evaluation scores of standardized patients and students related to patient-physician interaction ability. This implies that self-monitoring enables the students to acquire a reflective viewpoint from which to evaluate their own performance. Therefore, it can be said that self-monitoring through recorded video feedback is a valuable method for students to use in reviewing their performance in patient-physician interactions.
Abdominal Pain ; Diagnostic Self Evaluation ; Humans ; Methods ; Patient Education as Topic ; Patient Simulation ; Physical Examination ; Physician-Patient Relations ; Self-Assessment