Purpose: A total of 39 seafood menus were prepared according to the Korean standard recipe, and analyzed for vitamin B 9 (folate) and B 12 (cobalamins) contents, using validated applied analytical methods. The menus included Guk/Tang/Jjigae (boiled or stewed dishes, n = 10), Bokkeum (stir-fried dishes, n = 10), Jjim/Jorim (braised or steamed dishes, n = 7), Gui (baked or grilled dishes, n = 7), Twigim (deep-fried dishes, n = 2) and Muchim (dried or blanchedseasoned dishes, n = 3). Methods: The contents of vitamin B 9 and B12 in all food samples were determined by the trienzyme extraction-Lactobacillus casei and immunoaffinity-high-performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detection methods. Analytical quality control was performed in order to assure reliability of the analysis. Results: Accuracy (97.4–100.6% recoveries) and precision (< 6% relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility) of vitamin B 9 and B12 analyses were determined to be excellent. The vitamin B 9 and B 12 contents of the 39 seafood menus evaluated, varied in the range of 1.83–523.08 μg/100 g and 0.11–38.30 μg/100 g, respectively, depending on the ingredients and cooking methods. The vitamin B 9 content was highest in Jomi-gim (523.08 μg/100 g), followed by Geonsaeu-bokkeum (128.34 μg/100 g) and Janmyeolchi-bokkeum (121.53 μg/100 g). Vitamin B12 was detected in all seafood menus, with highest level obtained in Kkomack-jjim (41.58 μg/100 g). The seaweed dish was found to have high levels of both vitamin B 9 and B12 . All assays were performed under strict quality control. Conclusion Guk and Tang menus, which contain a large amount of water, were relatively lower in the vitamin B 9 and B12 contents than the other menus. Bokkeum menus containing various vegetables were high in the vitamin B 9 content, but the vitamin B12 content was dependent on the type of seafood used in the menu.

Objectives: . The recent expansion of eligibility for cochlear implantation (CI) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to include infants as young as 9 months has reignited debates concerning the clinically appropriate cut-off age for pediatric CI. Our study compared the early postoperative trajectories of receptive and expressive language development in children who received CI before 9 months of age with those who received it between 9 and 12 months. This study involved a unique pediatric cohort with documented etiology, where the timing of CI was based on objective criteria and efforts were made to minimize the influence of parental socioeconomic status. Methods: . A retrospective review of 98 pediatric implantees recruited at a tertiary referral center was conducted. The timing of CI was based on auditory and language criteria focused on the extent of delay corresponding to the bottom 1st percentile of language development among age-matched controls, with patients categorized into very early (CI at <9 months), early (CI at 9–12 months) and delayed (CI at 12–18 months) CI groups. Postoperative receptive/expressive language development was assessed using the Sequenced Language Scale for Infants receptive and expressive standardized scores and percentiles. Results: . Only the very early CI group showed significant improvements in receptive language starting at 3 months post-CI, aligning with normal-hearing peers by 9 months and maintaining this level until age 2 years. During this period (<2 years), all improvements were more pronounced in receptive language than in expressive language. Conclusion . CI before 9 months of age significantly improved receptive language development compared to later CI, with improvements sustained at least up to the age of 2. This study supports the consideration of earlier CI, beyond pediatric Food and Drug Administration labeling criteria (>9 months), in children with profound deafness who have a clear deafness etiology and language development delays (<1st percentile).