Objective To investigate the effect of group feedback and formative assessment respectively on teaching effectiveness of endotracheal intubation (ETI).Methods After atheoretical lecturing and theoretical test,eighty three undergraduates were randomized into concurrent-feedback group and groupfeedback group.ETIsimulation training was given respectively by providing concurrent or group feedback in the two groups,and then undergraduates received a skill assessment.After atheoretical lecturing and theoretical test,other 91 undergraduates were randomized into final-assessment group and formative-assessment group.ETIsimulationtraining and skill assessment were given in final-assessment group.Before training,first skill assessment was performed in formative-assessment group,and then feedback was delivered based on the assessment.After training,second skill assessment was given again.Skill assessment was evaluated using the criterion-based task specific checklist combined with global rating scale.t-test was used for comparison between groups.Results There was no statistical difference (P=0.212) in theoretical scores between group-feedback group,and concurrent-feedback group.Skill assessment score of group-feedback group (39.4 ± 4.9) was higher than that in concurrent-feedback group (35.4 ± 4.7),with statistical difference (P=0.000).There was no statistical difference (P=0.395) in theoretical scores between formative-assessment group and final-assessment group.Score of formative-assessment group (39.3 ± 6.2) was higher than that in final-assessment group (32.2 ± 2.4),with statistical difference (P=0.000).Conclusion Terminal feedback or formative assessment could enhance teaching effectiveness of endotracheal intubation among medical students.

Objective To study the influence of the structure and performance of tracheal intuba-tion model on teaching effect. Methods Three models of tracheal intubation with different structures were named M1, M2 and M3. A total of 91 medical students of grade 5 were enrolled, divided randomly into group A, B and C after theoretical knowledge learning of 30 minutes and examination, rained respectively on the M1, M2 and M3 for 90 minutes, and then evaluated. The models were changed within the three groups and students were then trained and evaluated for the second time. Comparison of the results was performed among the three groups. After one month, group A, B and C received examination and evaluation again. Students and instructors were asked to fill in the rating scale for M1, M2 and M3. Results ①No statistically significant differences were found in the number (31, 28, 32), gender (male/female, 10/21, 9/19, 12/20) and the pre-training test score of the students among the three groups. ②The score of the first evaluation on M1 was significantly lower in group A than in group B and C, while the scores of the second and third examination were significantly higher in group A than in the other two groups. ③The score after one month was significantly higher in group A than in group B and C. ④M1 scores (4, 5; 4.63, 5) were significantly higher than those in group B (3, 4; 2, 2.5) and group C (2, 3; 2, 2.25). Conclusion The structure and performance of the training model of tracheal intubation can indeed influence the teaching effect.

OBJECTIVE To improve the quality standard of Yi medicine Gynura japonica， and to evaluate its quality. METHODS Using 15 batches of G. japonica from different producing areas as samples， the contents of water， total ash， acid- insoluble ash and water-soluble extract were determined according to the method stated in part Ⅳ of Chinese Pharmacopoeia （2020 edition）. The contents of total alkaloid （calculated by senecionine） was determined by UV spectrophotometry. The contents of senecionine and seneciphylline were determined by HPLC. Using above 7 indexes as evaluation indexes， cluster heat map analysis， principal component analysis （PCA） and entropy weight approximation ideal ranking （TOPSIS） were used to evaluate the quality of medicinal material comprehensively. RESULTS Among 15 batches of G. japonica， the moisture contents were 8.88%-12.60%， the total ash contents were 4.43%-11.02%， the acid-insoluble ash contents were 0.56%-3.45%， the water-soluble extract contents were 21.71%-53.91%， the total alkaloid contents （calculated by senecionine） were 0.15%-0.39%， and the contents of senecionine and seneciphylline were 0.01% -0.05% and 0.01%-0.06% respectively. According to the results of various indicators， it was preliminarily proposed that the water content in the sample of G. japonica should not exceed 13.00%， the total ash content should not exceed 11.50%， the acid-insoluble ash content should not exceed 3.70%， the water-soluble extract should not be less than 20.70%， the total alkaloid content should not be less than 0.15%， the contents of senecionine and seneciphylline should not be less than 0.01% both. The results of cluster heat map analysis showed that the 15 batches of samples could be divided into four categories； the results of PCA and TOPSIS showed that the samples with high-quality ranking were jsq-2， jsq-5， jsq-6 and jsq-10， and the samples with low-quality ranking were jsq-4， jsq-13 and jsq-14. CONCLUSIONS In this study， the quantitative analysis method of total alkaloids （calculated by senecionine）， senecionine and seneciphylline in G. japonica is established， and the limits of each index are preliminarily determined. Among 15 batches of samples， the qualities of medicinal material collected from Linza Village of Ganluo County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture， Machangping Village of Luojishan Town of Puge County of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture and other places are better.