Objective:To investigate the microsurgical anatomy of the far lateral suboccipital approach and to evaluate its application to surgical approach. Methods:Fourteen cadaveric heads(28 sides) were dissected through far lateral suboccipital approach to obtain the anatomical data of this approach.A retrospective analysis of microsurgical treatment in 12 cases of tumors situated at lower clivus and foramen magnum was performed. Results:Transverse process of C_1 and inferior occipital trangle were important anatomical marks in the far lateral occipital approach.Drilling the condyle and jugular tubercle was benefit to expand the surgical space.Total removal of the turmors was achieved in 9 patients,subtotal removal in 3 patients,and without any surgical morbidity. Conclusion:Study on the microsurgical anatomy of the far lateral suboccipital approach was helpful in resecting tumors situated at lower clivus and foramen magnum.

The interaction of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and serum albumin and the influence of some metal ions on the interaction have been studied by using spectral methods of UV-absorption,fluorescence and circular dichroism. It was shown that the interaction of 5-FU with DNA and serum albumin was effected by some metal ions. The binding costant of 5-FU with serum albumin was found to be KHSA = 4.38 × 103(mol/L)-1 and KBSA =4.95 × 103(mol/L)-1 and the distance between the bound 5-FU and the tryptophan residue was also determined to be rHSA = 3.53 nm, rBSA = 3.51 nm.

This paper presents the design and development of a set of microwave exposure system based on 1.8GHz mobile RF signal. This system can work on several modulation types to do microwave exposure experiment under different specific absorption rate (SAR) and prepare the way for researches in the effect exerted by the electromagnetic signal of mobile on human health. The hardware is made up of several RF instruments, waveguide and computer, and the software introduces the accomplishment of the control system and the algorithm of control.
Algorithms ; Cell Phone ; Computer Simulation ; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation ; Electromagnetic Fields ; adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure ; Humans ; Microwaves ; adverse effects ; Neurons ; radiation effects

Objective:To explore the diagnostic efficacy of nomogram based on multi-parameter MRI for assessment of bowel fibrosis in patients with Crohn disease（CD).Methods:The clinical and imaging data of CD patients diagnosed by surgical histopathology in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from June 2015 to March 2018 were prospectively collected. All the patients underwent conventional MRI and diffusion kurtosis imaging（DKI) within 2 weeks before surgery. Patients who underwent surgery between June 2015 and September 2017 were included in the model building group, and those who underwent surgery between October 2017 and March 2018 were included in the model validation group. We measured the apparent diffusion coefficient（ADC) from monoexponential model of diffusion-weighted imaging（DWI), apparent diffusional kurtosis（K app), and apparent diffusion for non-Gaussian distribution（D app) from non-Gaussian DKI model, and observed T 2WI signal intensity and enhancement pattern of the same segment. One to three intestinal specimens per patient were stained with Masson′s trichrome for the histological grading of fibrosis. Correlations between qualitative/quantitative MRI indexes and histological grades were evaluated using the Spearman rank test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent factors to be included into the nomogram for predicting the degree of bowel fibrosis and its diagnostic performance was assessed by internal and external validation. Results:A total of 40 CD patients were included, including 31 in the model construction group and 9 in the model verification group. A total of 81 intestinal specimens from 31 patients were graded as none-to-mild bowel fibrosis（ n=32) and moderate-to-severe bowel fibrosis（ n=49) according to a scoring system of fibrosis. In the training cohort, the K app value of moderate-to-severely fibrotic bowel walls was significantly higher than that of none-to-mildly fibrotic bowel walls, and the D appand ADC values of moderate-to-severely fibrotic bowel walls were significantly lower than those of none-to-mildly fibrotic bowel walls（ Z=-5.999, -4.521 and -3.893; P<0.001). There was no significant difference in T 2WI signal intensity or enhancement pattern between these two groups（χ2=1.571 and 0.103; P>0.05). Moderate and mild correlations of histological fibrosis grades with K appand D app( r=0.721 and -0.483; P<0.001), and a mild correlation with ADC（ r=-0.445, P<0.001) were found. Independent factors derived from multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict the degree of bowel fibrosis were K app and D app. Internal and external validation revealed good performance of the nomogram with concordance index of 0.901（95% confidence interval, 0.824-0.978) and 1.000, respectively, for differentiating none-to-mild from moderate-to-severe fibrosis. Conclusion:The DKI-based nomogram can be used to evaluate the bowel fibrosis in CD patients and provides a visual and simple prediction method for clinic.

Objective To investigate the clinical pathologic characteristics of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma ( FDCS ). Methods We collected 7 cases of extranodal FDCS, HE staining, immunohistochemical study were performed. The V600E mutation of BRAF in 7 cases were detected by real?time PCR and EBER in situ hybridization was performed on 4 cases. Results Among the 7 cases of FDCS, 5 cases were male and 2 cases were female, the median age was 55 years old, including 4 cases of low?grade FDCS and 3 cases of high?grade FDCS. The tumor location of 2 cases was in mediastinum, the tumor locations of others were in nasopharynx, kidney, lung, rectum and liver, respectively. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that, the tumor cells were diffusely or focally positive for CD21, CD23, CD35, D2?40, EGFR and CXCL13, but negative for S?100, CD68, HMB45, SMA, Desmin, CD117, Dog?1, CD34, CD30, EMA and CK.Five cases were positive for PD?L1 and the its expression in high?grade FDCS were higher than that in low?grade FDCS.Two cases of low?grade FDCS were positive for BRAF V600E, but the BRAF V600E mutation weren′t detected in all of 7 cases. The result of EBER in?situ hybridization showed that only the nasopharynx FDCS was positive.The follow?up information of 5 patients were available (7～43 months), 4 patients died and 1 still alive with rectum metastasis.Conclusions FDCS is a rare malignant disease with relapse and metastatic tendency. The combined applications of the first?line antibodies including CD21, CD23, CD35 and second?line antibodies including D2?40, CXCL13, EGFR are helpful for its diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The high expression of PD?L1 implicates the potential benefit of FDCS patients acquired from immunotherapy.

Objective To investigate the clinical pathologic characteristics of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma ( FDCS ). Methods We collected 7 cases of extranodal FDCS, HE staining, immunohistochemical study were performed. The V600E mutation of BRAF in 7 cases were detected by real?time PCR and EBER in situ hybridization was performed on 4 cases. Results Among the 7 cases of FDCS, 5 cases were male and 2 cases were female, the median age was 55 years old, including 4 cases of low?grade FDCS and 3 cases of high?grade FDCS. The tumor location of 2 cases was in mediastinum, the tumor locations of others were in nasopharynx, kidney, lung, rectum and liver, respectively. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that, the tumor cells were diffusely or focally positive for CD21, CD23, CD35, D2?40, EGFR and CXCL13, but negative for S?100, CD68, HMB45, SMA, Desmin, CD117, Dog?1, CD34, CD30, EMA and CK.Five cases were positive for PD?L1 and the its expression in high?grade FDCS were higher than that in low?grade FDCS.Two cases of low?grade FDCS were positive for BRAF V600E, but the BRAF V600E mutation weren′t detected in all of 7 cases. The result of EBER in?situ hybridization showed that only the nasopharynx FDCS was positive.The follow?up information of 5 patients were available (7～43 months), 4 patients died and 1 still alive with rectum metastasis.Conclusions FDCS is a rare malignant disease with relapse and metastatic tendency. The combined applications of the first?line antibodies including CD21, CD23, CD35 and second?line antibodies including D2?40, CXCL13, EGFR are helpful for its diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The high expression of PD?L1 implicates the potential benefit of FDCS patients acquired from immunotherapy.

Objective: To detect the expression of GRHL2 (grainyhead-like-2) in breast cancer tissues and to explore its correlation with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of breast cancer (BC) patients，aiming to find new therapeutic target for breast cancer. Method: A total of 88 pairs of BC tissues and corresponding para-cancerous tissues from patients with primary BC that treated and pathologically confirmed at the Second Department of General Surgery, Xinxiang Central Hospital from January 2010 to January 2017 were collected for this study. The expression of GRHL2 in BC tissues and para-cancerous tissues was examined with IHC, and the association between GRHL2 and clinicopathological characteristics of BC patients was analyzed. Moreover, the correlation between GRHL2 and prognosis of BC patients was investigated by analyzing TCGA clinic data for BC. Result: The expression of GRHL2 was significantly higher in BC tissues (75.00%) compared with para-cancerous tissues (36.36%) (P<0.01); Based on the results of GRHL2 expression in 114 cases of normal breast tissues and 1 097 cases of primary breast cancer tissues in TCGA database, the expression of GRHL2 in primary BC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissues (P<0.01). GRHL2 expression was associated with BC TNM stage,histological grade, HER2 status and lymphnode metastasis status (all P<0.05); TCGA database showed that the RFS of 1 979 BC patients with high GRHL2 expression was significantly shorter than that of the 1 972 cases of BC patients with low GRHL2 expression (HR=1.24, 95%CI:1.11-1.38, P<0.01); GRHL2 expression exerted no significant effect on RFS of TNBC patients or ER+ BC patients (TNBC: HR=1.30，95%CI: 0.89-1.88，P=0.170; ER+: HR=1.17, 95%CI:0.76-1.78， P=0.470); however, the RFS of HER2+ BC patients with high GRHL2 expression was significantly shorter than that of HER2+ BC patients with low GRHL2 expression (HR=1.72, 95%CI:1.11-2.68, P=0.015） . Conclusion：Expression level of GRHL2 was up-regulated in BC tissues, and was associated with BC TNM stage, histological grade, HER2 status and the lymphnode metastasis status. GRHL2 plays an important role in the generation and development of BC, indicating poor prognosis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical pathologic characteristics of extranodal follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS). Methods: We collected 7 cases of extranodal FDCS, HE staining, immunohistochemical study were performed. The V600E mutation of BRAF in 7 cases were detected by real-time PCR and EBER in situ hybridization was performed on 4 cases. Results: Among the 7 cases of FDCS, 5 cases were male and 2 cases were female, the median age was 55 years old, including 4 cases of low-grade FDCS and 3 cases of high-grade FDCS. The tumor location of 2 cases was in mediastinum, the tumor locations of others were in nasopharynx, kidney, lung, rectum and liver, respectively. The results of immunohistochemistry showed that, the tumor cells were diffusely or focally positive for CD21, CD23, CD35, D2-40, EGFR and CXCL13, but negative for S-100, CD68, HMB45, SMA, Desmin, CD117, Dog-1, CD34, CD30, EMA and CK.Five cases were positive for PD-L1 and the its expression in high-grade FDCS were higher than that in low-grade FDCS.Two cases of low-grade FDCS were positive for BRAF V600E, but the BRAF V600E mutation weren′t detected in all of 7 cases. The result of EBER in-situ hybridization showed that only the nasopharynx FDCS was positive.The follow-up information of 5 patients were available (7~43 months), 4 patients died and 1 still alive with rectum metastasis. Conclusions FDCS is a rare malignant disease with relapse and metastatic tendency. The combined applications of the first-line antibodies including CD21, CD23, CD35 and second-line antibodies including D2-40, CXCL13, EGFR are helpful for its diagnosis and differential diagnosis. The high expression of PD-L1 implicates the potential benefit of FDCS patients acquired from immunotherapy.

Keratoconus(KC)is a blinding eye disease caused by a variety of factors, with its pathogenesis still not well understood. In recent years, it has been discovered that sex hormones and prolactin-induced protein(PIP)have a profound impact on the cornea, with more noticeable changes when there are abnormalities in their body content. It has been found that various sex hormone receptors are distributed in the cornea. Based on this, this article reviews a multitude of studies on how sex hormones and PIP affect the cornea, along with relevant clinical research. It has been observed that sex hormones and PIP also play a role in KC patients and influence the occurrence and progression of KC. Additionally, it has been noted that pregnant and lactating women may be more susceptible to KC. Sex hormones and PIP have the potential to become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This article not only provides new insights but also offers important references for clinical practice.

Keratoconus(KC)is a blinding eye disease caused by a variety of factors, with its pathogenesis still not well understood. In recent years, it has been discovered that sex hormones and prolactin-induced protein(PIP)have a profound impact on the cornea, with more noticeable changes when there are abnormalities in their body content. It has been found that various sex hormone receptors are distributed in the cornea. Based on this, this article reviews a multitude of studies on how sex hormones and PIP affect the cornea, along with relevant clinical research. It has been observed that sex hormones and PIP also play a role in KC patients and influence the occurrence and progression of KC. Additionally, it has been noted that pregnant and lactating women may be more susceptible to KC. Sex hormones and PIP have the potential to become new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. This article not only provides new insights but also offers important references for clinical practice.