Objective To determine the changes in serum and urine vitamin D binding protein ( VDBP) concentrations in type 2 diabetes, and to explore the clinical significance. Methods The serum and urine VDBP concentrations in 102 healthy individuals and 106 type 2 diabetic patients were determined by ELISA. For analysis and comparison, 106 type 2 diabetic patients were divided into imperfect glycemic control subgroup and perfect glycemic control subgroup, microalbuminuria subgroup and normal albuminuria subgroup. Results The cut-off point of serum VDBP concentrations was 60. 6 μg/ ml and the cut-off point of the urine ratio of VDBP and creatinine was 7. 76 mg/ g, and both were determined according to the upper limit of 97. 5 % credit intervals in 110 healthy individuals. Serum VDBP concentration and the urine ratio of VDBP to creatinine in type 2 diabetic patients were significantly higher than those in the healthy individuals ( P < 0. 01 ), the imperfect glycemic control subgroup had higher serum VDBP concentrations and the urine ratio of VDBP to creatinine than those in the perfect glycemic control subgroup ( P <0. 05). The microalbuminuria subgroup had higher urine ratio of VDBP to creatinine than that in the normal albuminuria subgroup ( P<0. 01). Urine ratio of VDBP to creatinine in diagnosing early diabetic nephropathy had sensitivity of 96. 4 % , specificity of 68 % , and concordance of 83% . Conclusion Detection of serum VDBP levels has some reference value in understanding the state of diabetes. Combined determinations of urine ratio of VDBP to creatinine and ratio of albumin to creatinine have significant clinical value in the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy.

Objective To mine and analyse the hub genes associated with the prognosis of basal-like breast cancer(BLBC)by bioinformatic methods.Methods We searched the GEO database to obtain an appropriate microarray dataset related to molecular subtyp-ing of breast cancer,and identified modules associated with BLBC by WGCNA.Then,the top 10％differential expressed genes in the module were screened as candidate genes using PPI and cytohubba.The candidate genes were subjected to survival analysis and expression analysis to obtain hub genes.Finally,we explored the correlation between the expressive level of hub genes and immune cell infiltration,chemokines,and immunomodulators by TIMER and TISIDB database.Furthermore,transcription factors(TFs)-hub gene network was constructed.Results A total of 891 genes in black modules related to BLBC were analyzed,and two hub genes,ESPL1 and CCNB2,were identified from the 80differential expressed genes.Two hub genes are associated with BLBC immune cell infiltration,mainly inclu-ding Th2 cells,CD8+T cells,endothelial cells,and tumor-associated fibroblasts.They were also related to chemokines,immunostimu-lators,immunosuppressive factors,and MHC molecules.The upstream transcriptional regulatory network of hub genes showed that 22 transcription factors simultaneously regulate two hub genes.Conclusion ESPL1 and CCNB2 are prognostic markers of BLBC and related to breast tumor immunity.

Objective:To assess the clinical and imaging features of NUT gene-related sinonasal carcinomas (NUT midline carcinome).Methods:The clinical data and pretreatment imaging findings of 5 cases with pathologically proven NUT sinonasal carcinomas were analyzed retrospectively in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2016 to December 2020. Of 5 cases, the tumors affected 4 females and 1 male with an age range of 15 to 48 years (median 19 years). Clinical data of all cases were available before surgery with both CT and MR examination. Tumor location, CT density, boney change, calcification, tumor size, T 1WI, T 2WI and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) signal intensity, appearance diffusion coefficient (ADC), type of time intensity curve (TIC) of dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI were evaluated. Results:All five cases belonged to T4 stage of the clinic TNM system. The locations were nasal cavity ethmoid, sphenoid and maxillary sinus ( n=1), nasal and maxillary sinus ( n=1), nasal cavity and ethmoid sinus ( n=3). Iso-attenuated in 3 cases, heterogeneous with local necrosis in 2 cases, and heterogeneous with calcification in 3 cases on CT imaging. Bone erosion was found in 4 cases, and bone erosion with destruction in 1 case. The tumor sizes ranged from 4.2 to 4.9 cm (median 4.5 cm) on MR axial imaging. On T 1WI, 5 cases showed isointense compared with adjacent temporal muscles, with focal hypointense in 2 cases. On T 2WI, the tumor was graded as isointense in 3 cases, and hyperintense in 2 cases. Heterogeneous enhancement in all cases with mild in 3 cases, and moderate in 2 cases on postcontrast MR imaging. On DCE-MRI of 5 cases, there were 3 cases of type Ⅲ (washout-shaped curves), and 2 cases of type Ⅱ of the TIC (plateau-shaped curves). The range of ADC values was from 0.63×10 -3 to 1.17×10 -3 mm 2/s, and median ADC value was 0.84×10 -3 mm 2/s, of 5 cases with varying degrees of high signal on DWI. The Ki-67 index ranged from 30% to 80% of the tumor. An immunohistochemical study showed that the tumor cells of 5 cases were all positive for both NUT and INI-1 genes. One case was performed with biopsy and followed by chemotherapy, four cases were performed with surgery, combined with the following chemotherapy, and one also was implemented with radiation therapy. The follow-up time was 7-16 months. Five cases were all alive during the follow-up. Conclusions:The NUT midline sinonasal tract carcinoma is a rare, gene-related solid malignant tumor. The tumor is more commonly seen in young patients, mostly centered in the nasal and ethmoid region with invasive growth, more calcification on CT, and heterogeneous enhancement on MRI. These findings are some characteristics of the tumor.

Objective:To assess the clinical and imaging features of SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma.Methods:Form January 2016 to November 2021, the clinical data and pretreatment imaging findings of 16 cases with pathologically proven SMARCB1-de?cient sinonasal carcinomas were analyzed retrospectively in Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University. Immunohistochemistry for SMARCB1 showed loss of the protein in the tumor nuclie. Clinical and imaging features, including tumor location, TNM stage, size, density of CT, bone change, MRI signal intensity, enhancement pattern, type of time-intensity curve (TIC) of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) were evaluated. For 14 cases, correlation of the ADC value and Ki-67 index was subsequently evaluated with Pearson correlation analysis.Results:For the 16 cases SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinomas, clinical stage of T4 was 12 cases and T3 was 4 cases. The location included ethmoid sinus ( n=4), nasal cavity only ( n=1), both nasal cavity and ethmoid ( n=8), ethmoid and maxillary sinus ( n=1), ethmoid and frontal sinus ( n=1), ethmoid and sphenoid sinus ( n=1). The tumor size was (4.5±1.2) cm. Iso-attenuated of CT images was showed in 13 cases and heterogeneous with necrosis was showed in 3 cases. Focal bone erosion was found in 13 cases and extensive bone destruction was found in 3 cases. Compared with adjacent muscles, T 1WI of all 16 cases showed isointense, with focal hypointense in 3 cases. On T 2WI, the tumor was graded as isointense in 9 cases, hyperintense in 7 cases, with lower inner septal in 6 cases. Enhancement was graded as mild in 11 cases, moderate in 5 cases.MRI Enhancement images showed mild enhancement in 11 cases, moderate enhancement in 5 cases, heterogeneous enhancement in 6 cases, and homogeneous enhancement in 10 cases. For DCE-MRI of 14 cases, there were 10 cases of Ⅲ type and 4 cases of Ⅱ type of the TIC. The ADC value of 14 cases was (1.02±0.27)×10 -3 mm 2/s. The Ki-67 index was 48%±21%. No correlation was observed between Ki-67 index and ADC value ( r=-0.38, P=0.183). Conclusions:SMARCB1-deficient carcinomas are mostly centered in the nasal and ethmoid region of anatomic distribution. Tendency to be infiltrative the adjacent bone structure with invasive bone reaction, mild to moderate heterogeneous enhancement, T 2WI with lower inner septal, and Ⅲ types of TIC are certain suggestive imaging features of the entity.

Objective:To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognostic factors of SMARCB1 (INI1)-deficient sinonasal carcinoma (SDSC).Methods:Sixteen cases of SDSC diagnosed in the Department of Pathology, Beijing Tongren Hospital from January 2016 to September 2020 were enrolled. Ninety-nine cases of small round cell malignant tumors of the head and neck were selected as the control, including poorly-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma ( n=10), poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma ( n=5), undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC, n=4), NUT carcinoma ( n=5), neuroendocrine carcinoma ( n=10), and other non-epithelial tumors [olfactory neuroblastoma ( n=10), rhabdomyosarcoma ( n=10), NK/T-cell lymphoma ( n=10), malignant melanoma ( n=10), Ewing′s sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumor (EWS/PNET, n=5)] and non-keratinizing undifferentiated nasopharyngeal carcinoma ( n=20). The clinical and pathologic characteristics of SDSC, and immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of broad-spectrum CKpan, CK7, CK8/18, CK5/6, p63, p40, p16, INI1, NUT and neuroendocrine markers (Syn, CgA, CD56) were evaluated. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to detect EBER and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to detect INI1 gene deletion. Results:The 16 cases of SDSC accounted for 1.3% (16/1 218) of all malignant sinonasal tumors in the author′s unit during this time period, and 2.4% (16/657) of all malignant epithelial tumors. Microscopically, there was no clear squamous and adenomatous differentiation, but "rhabdoid-like" cells, are often seen. All SDSC cases were positive for CKpan and CK8/18, negative for INI1; Epstein-Barr virus was not detected by ISH; and INI1 gene deletion was observed in all 11 SDSC patients with FISH. Twelve cases were followed up for 3-47 months. One died of tumor-related diseases half a year after diagnosis, and the remaining patients were alive with tumor, the longest survival time was 47 months.Conclusion:SDSC should be differentiated from a variety of poorly-differentiated tumors in the sinonasal area. Histologically, SDSC has no clear differentiation, but the tumor cells are characteristically basal-like or rhabdoid-like, with non-specific vacuoles, translucent or vacuolar nuclei, prominent nucleoli and necrotic foci. They are negative for INI1 IHC staining, and FISH demonstrates INI1 gene deletion. The clinical prognosis is still unclear, further studies on its biologic behavior and treatment methods are warranted.

Objective:To compare the consistency of lymphoma multigene detection panels based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) with FISH detection of B-cell lymphoma gene rearrangement.Methods:From January 2019 to May 2023, fusion genes detected by lymphoma-related 413 genes that targeted capture sequencing of 489 B-cell lymphoma tissues embedded in paraffin were collected from Henan Cancer Hospital, and the results were compared with simultaneous FISH detection of four break/fusion genes: BCL2, BCL6, MYC, and CCND1. Consistency was defined as both methods yielding positive or negative results for the same sample. The relationship between fusion mutation abundance in NGS and the positivity rate of cells in FISH was also analyzed.Results:Kappa consistency analysis revealed high consistency between NGS and FISH in detecting the four B-cell lymphoma-related gene rearrangement ( P<0.001 for all) ; however, the detection rates of positive individuals differed for the four genes. Compared with FISH, NGS demonstrated a higher detection rate for BCL2 rearrangement, a lower detection rate for BCL6 and MYC rearrangement, and a similar detection rate for CCND1 rearrangement. No correlation was found between fusion mutation abundance in NGS and the positivity rate of cells in FISH. Conclusions:NGS and FISH detection of B-cell lymphoma gene rearrangement demonstrate overall good consistency. NGS is superior to FISH in detecting BCL2 rearrangement, inferior in detecting MYC rearrangement, and comparable in detecting CCND1 rearrangement.

Objective To investigate the age-related changes of biomechanical properties for humerus, femur and tibia in male rats and their application values in age estimation. Methods According to different weeks of age, 90 healthy male SD rats were divided into 2, 4, 6, 8, 17, 26, 52, 78 and 104-week groups with 10 rats in eachgroup. After the rats were executed by excessive anesthesia, humerus, femur, and tibia were separated and the attached soft tissues were removed. The length of the above-mentioned bones and the diameter of the middle section (compression site) were measured with vernier caliper, and the three-point bending test was conducted with electronic universal material testing machine to detect the ultimate load and displacement under ultimate load. Results There were significant differences in the ultimate load of humerus, femur and tibia among male rats in different age groups (P<0. 05). With the increase of week age, the ultimate loads of the humerus, femur and tibia increased first and then decreased, and reached the peak value in 52-week age group, showing a strong positive correlation with week age before 52 weeks ( r = 0. 884,0. 933,0. 929, P<0. 05). There was no significant difference in humerus and tibia. The displacement of femur under ultimate load was weakly positively correlated with week age (R= 0. 406,P<0. 05). The age prediction accuracy for automatic linear modeling of ultimate load for humerus, femur, tibia and three above-mentioned bones in rats before 52-week age was 78. 2% , 86. 8% , 84. 1% and 88. 3% , respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between the length of humerus, femur and tibia and the ultimate load (R= 0. 904, 0. 897, 0. 814, P<0. 05). The diameters of humerus, femur and tibia were strongly positively correlated with the ultimate load (R = 0. 759, 0. 814 and 0. 745, P<0. 05). Conclusions The ultimate loads of humerus, femur and tibia in male rats increased first and then decreased with age, and were positively correlated with age before 52 weeks, which could be used for age inference. The highest accuracy of age estimation was ultimate loads of three bones, followed by femur. The length/ middle diameter of humerus, femur and tibia were strongly positively correlated with the ultimate load.