With the advent of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, occult inguinal hernias not reported by physical examination are frequently found during surgery. Occult inguinal hernia is an early inguinal hernia, which is easy to be ignored because its clinical symptoms are not obvious. Currently, the best diagnostic method for occult inguinal hernia is laparoscopy, Noninvasive tests such as ultrasound and MRI should be performed in patients with first symptoms. With the increase of age, abdominal wall strength decrease, and the proportion of occult inguinal hernia requiring treatment will also increase, doctors need to choose a reasonable treatment plan according to the actual situation of patients. The key to the diagnosis and treatment of occult inguinal hernia lies in making clear its definition and establishing uniform diagnostic criteria. Through reasonable and accurate preoperative examination combined with laparoscopic techniques and the adjustment of surgical approaches, occultic defects can be found and repaired. Individualized treatment for different populations can avoid future symptoms and reduce additional surgical risks.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts(CAFs)are one of the most important cellular components in the external microen-vironment of tumors. CAFs can interact with tumor cells and secrete a variety of soluble factors such as growth factors,chemokines,and so on. CAFs are also involved in the proliferation,invasion,migration,metastasis and drug resistance of colorectal cancer through regu-lating multiple signaling pathways that play a key role in the progression of colorectal cancer. Recent studies have found that CAFs re-lated markers and genes can be used as reference indicators for the predicting prognosis of colorectal cancer. Therefore,targeting CAFs may be a key target for early diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer. This article summarizes the characteristics of CAFs,recruitment and activation process,and its role in the development of colorectal cancer in order to provide a new scientific di-rection for the mechanism of action and clinical application of CAFs in colorectal cancer.

Tumor cells can escape from the normal apoptosis process and enhance the ability of proliferation and migration via an abnormal glucose metabolism.This abnormal glucose metabolism is named the Warburg effect,which plays a key role in the incidence of tumor.The Warburg effect is that,under aerobic condition,attenuating aerobic respiration of tumor cells via a series of molecular mechanisms,and exhibiting higher glycolysis metabolism and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production,and meanwhile,creating the micro-environment that suitable for tumor cell survival,inducing proliferation advantages for tumor cells.In addition,the Warburg effect-induced regional hypoxia reduces monitoring effect and lethality of T-lymphocytes,and thus induces immune escape of tumor cells.By inhibiting related pathways of Warburg effect,some drugs such as 2-deoxy-D-glucose and dichloroacetic acid have effective ability to inhibit Warburg effect-caused proliferation advantages and immune escape of tumor cells,and thus inhibit tumor cells growth and promote tumor cells death.Moreover,health diet also effectively inhibits the Warburg effect.However,there are also some problems to be solved.As the development of researches on the Warburg effect,the effect of various antitumor drugs will be revalued,and these will provide new theoretical basis and research direction for tumor prevention and therapy.