Objective:To understand the influencing factors of free education for rural order-oriented medical students and to explore the willingness of students to serve at the grass-roots, so as to provide reference for further optimizing the free education of medical students.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire survey was performed among 196 medical undergraduates majoring in free clinical medicine in one medical university of Shandong Province in March 2018 and 198 undergraduates majoring in general clinical medicine enrolled in the same year. The results of the survey were analyzed by SAS 9.2, and chi-square test, rank sum test and logistic regression were used to make statistic analysis.Results:The factors such as score of the national university entrance exam (wald χ2 = 52.309, P < 0.001), household registration location (wald χ2 = 9.304, P = 0.002), whether the only child in the family (wald χ2 = 12.608, P < 0.001), average monthly income of the family (wald χ2 = 5.557, P = 0.018), decision makers (wald χ2 = 15.206, P = 0.002) and willingness to serve at the grass-roots medical institutions (wald χ2 = 67.832, P < 0.001) had influence on medical students' choice of free education for order directional medical students. There were 113 (57.65%) of the free medical students intended to work at the grass-roots, while only 16 (8.08%) of the general medical students who were willing to work at the grass-roots. Conclusion:The implementation of free education for order-oriented medical students policy can satisfy the wishes of some people who have the willingness to serve at the grass-roots, but their family income and college entrance examination scores are not high. However, there are still some problems, which need the joint efforts of the government health departments and the training colleges and universities, and the corresponding follow-up support policies should be issued by the state at the same time.

Forearm ; innervation ; Ganglion Cysts ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Muscle, Skeletal ; innervation ; surgery ; Tendons ; surgery ; Ulnar Nerve ; surgery

Humanin(HN,its analogue [Gly14]-Humanin,HNG)was originally identified as an endogenous peptide that protects neuronal cells from apoptosis induced by various types of Alzheimer's disease-related insults.But the relative low content of this peptide in its natural sources limits its further characterization.An expression vector pET32a/HNG was corstructed and transformed it into E.coli BL21 trxB(DE3).HNG was expressed as a fusion protein in the soluble fraction and was purified by nickel affinity chromatography.Subsequently,the purified fusion protein was cleaved by enterokinase and was further purified by reverse-phase HPLC.A 23 mg recombinant HNG(rHNG)from 1 L bacterial culture was purified.The molecular weight of rHNG determined by ESI-MS was 2876.5 Da which was the expected size for correctly processed peptide.The N-terminal amino acid sequence of rHNG determined by Edman degradation method is identical to the theoretical sequence.Neuroprotective bioassay studies of rHNG exhibited its potential neuroprotective effect comparable to that of the natural HNG peptide.

Objective To measure the serum selenium levels in patient with Keshan disease(KSD)and in healthy controls in Shandong,Sichuan and Inner Mongolia KSD areas,to monitor the long-term dynamic changes of hair and serum selenium levels in Shandong KSD areas,and to provide scientific basis for preventing KSD.Methods A cross-sectional survey was carried out in KSD areas of Shandong,Sichuan and Inner Mongolia in 2009.The research subjects which come from KSD areas were 77 cases and 63 healthy controls from Shandong;35 patients and 36 healthy controls from Sichuan;and 17 patients and 18 healthy controls from Inner Mongolia.Additional 33 healthy people from Jinan city were selected as controls of non-KSD areas.Blood and hair samples were collected and selenium levels were measured by 2,3-diaminonaphthalene fluorescence spectrometry.Retrospective method was used to analyze the hair and serum selenium data collected between 1976 and 2004 in Shandong KSD areas.and these data were eompard with the data of 2009 to observe the long-term dynamic changes.Results ① The serum selenium levels of KSD patients in Shandong and Inner Mongolia were significantly lower than that of healthy subjects of KSD areas[(0.0773±0.0113)vs(0.0895±0.0256),(0.0347±0.0107)vs(0.0469±0.0161),t=3.52,3.87,all P<0.01].No significant difference was found between KSD patients and healthy people in Sichuan[(0.0792±0.0162)vs(0.0774±0.0103),t=0.55,P>0.05].②The serum selenium levels of KSD patients in Shandong,Sichuan and Inner Mongolia KSD areas were lower than that of non-KSD area[(0.0988±0.0231)mg/L,q=6.74,5.83,19.47,all P<0.01].The serum selenium levels of healthy people in Sichuan and Inner Mongoha KSD areas were significantly lower than that of non-KSD area(q=6.68,16.36,all P<0.01).The serum selenium levels of healthy controls in Inner Mongolia were lower than that of in Shandong and Sichuan(q=13.63,14.74,13.62,1.46,all P<0.01).③From 1976 to 2009,the hair and serum selenium levels of Shandong resident were increased 1.68 times(0.343/0.128-1)for hair and 0.98 times(0.091/0.046-1)for serum,respectively.But there was no significant difference between the average growth rate of hair and serum selenium levels(χ2=1.38,P>0.05).Conclusions ①The hair and serum selenium levels of KSD patients are lower than that of healthy controls in non-KSD area.②The serum selenium levels of Shandong,Sichuan and Inner Mongolia are different between KSD patients and healthy controls in the diseased areas.③The hair and serum selenium data of Shandong resident show an upward vend over the past 30 years.We suggest to continue the comprehensive measures of adding selenium in KSD areas.

To purify recombinant human nucleoside diphosphate kinase A (rhNDPK-A) and determine its physical and chemical characters, recombinant NDPK-A producing E. coli was cultured in 80L fermentor under high cell density culture (HCDC) conditions. The harvested cells were treated with high pressure to break the cell up, tangential-flow microfiltration to remove the bacteria debris and ultrafiltration to concentrate the filtered solution containing target protein. The crude NDPK-A was purified by ion exchange chromatography with DEAE Sepharose Fast Flow, affinity chromatography with Cibarcron Blue 3GA Sepharose CL-4B and gel filtration with Sephadex G-100. The purity of rhNDPK-A was analyzed with SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. The Enzymatic activity was determined with RP-HPLC. The molecular weight (MW) was measured with matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF MS). The N-terminal residue was sequenced with Edman method. The apparent molecular weight of rhNDPK-A in solution was determined with multiangle laser light-scattering method (MALS). It was found that the purity of rhNDPK-A was 97.3% with SDS-PAGE method and 99.2% with RP-HPLC method. The specific enzymatic activity was (900 +/- 100) u/mg. The molecular weight was 17017, which was 132 less than the calculated value according to the amino acid sequence of NDPK-A. The sequencing result of rhNDPK-A revealed that its N-terminal residue was Ala, which was the second residue on N-terminal of native NDPK-A. The calculated MW of N-terminal deleted rhNDPK-A was 17017, exactly equal to the experimental value. The result of apparent MW determination revealed that rhNDPK-A formed homohexamer in solution with a MW of 102kD. These results suggested that rhNDPK-A possessed character identical to its native counterpart of assembling into hexamer. Confirming the identity of rhNDPK-A to its native counterpart provided a good foundation for drug development and mechanism study of NDPK-A.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Weight ; NM23 Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinases ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins ; chemistry ; isolation & purification ; Scattering, Radiation ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

OBJECTIVETo probe into the relationship between hypertension and hemodynamic score of cerebral vascular accumulative function by though studying the history of hypertension and level of blood pressure.

METHODSThe database of blood pressure and cerebral vascular hemodynamic indexes (CVHI) were from baseline data and measurement in a cohort. 18,512 participants who met the included criteria were enlisted in the study. The function scores were estimated using uniform methods according to CVHI. Participants were grouped by age, years of having hypertension and level of blood pressure. Differences of the function score between different groups were compared.

RESULTSThe function score in hypertension group was significantly lower than that of normal tension group, which decreased by 13.3 points. Within 5 years of hypertension history, the function score decreased as course of hypertension prolonged. The same trend was found between the score and level of both systolic and diastolic blood pressure. When systolic blood pressure elevated to 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure elevated to 95 mmHg, the function score was below 75 points.

CONCLUSIONThere were significant relationship between decrease of the function scores and medical history, course of hypertension as well as level of blood pressure.

Adult ; Age of Onset ; Aged ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; physiology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; physiology ; Humans ; Hypertension ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Male ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo study the risk factors and abusers' characteristics on childhood sexual abuses among female students to provide reference data for preventive measures on child sexual abuse.

METHODSAnnonymous questionnaire survey of 701 adult female students in a college about their personal experience on childhood sexual abuses, their home conditions and abusers' characteristics.

RESULTSA total number of 701 female students were surveyed. 115 (22.11%) experienced non-physical contact sexual abuses before the age of 18, including 26 (3.71%) who suffered from attempted and 8 (1.14%) were forced with genital or anal sexual intercourse. 117 (16.69%) said they had suffered from sexual abuse before the age of 16. Most abusers were males (99.4%) and only a small percentage of them (3.2%) used violence. Most non-physical contact sexual abuses were from strangers (78.7%), while 71.3% of physical contact abuses were from acquaintances including 12.5% of them were teachers, 17.5% were neighbors and 21.3% were relatives. The risk factors of child sexual abuses were: frequent use of violence, bad hobbies and poor health conditions of parents, tight family relationships, and living in remarried families. Having well-educated fathers was a preventive factor.

CONCLUSIONStudies on childhood sexual abuses among females revealed that the incidents were not rare, and family environment played an important role.

Adult ; Child ; Child Abuse, Sexual ; statistics & numerical data ; China ; Family Relations ; Female ; Humans ; Risk Factors ; Students ; statistics & numerical data ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Universities

OBJECTIVETo study the effects of two specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors (SCI), rofecoxib and celecoxib, combined with chemotherapeutic drugs 5-Fu, DDP and VP-16 on gastric cancer cell line BGC-823, and to evaluate whether specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors can be used as a synergetic agent in chemotherapy.

METHODSThe gastric cancer cell line BGC-823 cells were incubated for 48 hours with rofecoxib and celecoxib, 5-Fu, DDP and VP-16 (concentration gradient of 5-Fu, DDP and VP-16:1 microg/ml, 10 microg/ml and 100 microg/ml), or in combination, respectively. MTT working solution was added to each culture and calculated the survival rates of gastric cancer cells. Median-effect principle and Professor Jin's evaluation methods were applied to detect the interaction between the specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors and chemotherapeutic agents.

RESULTSThe inhibition rates of gastric cancer cells were 42.63% +/- 1.26% and 50.67% +/- 2.35% by treatment with 0.1 micromol/L rofecoxib and 50 micromol/L celecoxib, respectively. The inhibition rates of gastric cancer cells by treatment with 5-Fu, DDP and VP-16 at different concentrations (1 microg/ml, 10 microg/ml and 100 microg/ml) were 39.75% +/- 3.14%, 49.96% +/- 2.08%, 87.93% +/- 3.66%; 48.28% +/- 2.08%, 59.46% +/- 1.69%, 88.23% +/- 4.81%; and 29.23% +/- 3.27%, 49.34% +/- 3.75%, 79.24% +/- 2.44%, respectively. However, the inhibition rates showed a synergetic role while combined the two SCI (0.1 micromol/L rofecoxib and 50 micromol/L celecoxib) with chemotherapeutic agent at different concentrations (P <0.05).

CONCLUSIONBoth rofecoxib and celecoxib have an ability to suppress gastric cancer cells in vitro, and the synergetic role becomes evident when rofecoxib and celecoxib are combined with chemotherapeutic agents at different concentrations, which indicate that the two specific cyclooxygenase inhibitors may be used as a chemotherapeutic sensitizer.

Adenocarcinoma ; pathology ; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic ; pharmacology ; Antineoplastic Agents ; pharmacology ; Celecoxib ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; drug effects ; Cell Survival ; drug effects ; Cisplatin ; pharmacology ; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Synergism ; Etoposide ; pharmacology ; Fluorouracil ; pharmacology ; Humans ; Lactones ; pharmacology ; Pyrazoles ; pharmacology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; pathology ; Sulfonamides ; pharmacology ; Sulfones ; pharmacology

OBJECTIVETo understand the knowledge and prevalence of domestic violence (DV) among married women in rural China.

METHODSProportional to Population Size(PPS) sampling method was conducted to select 3998 women aged 18 years old and above from Jilin, Anhui and Chongqing. All the women were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire during Nov. 2004-Jan. 2005.

RESULTSThe prevalence of spousal violence against women was 64.8 % in a lifetime and 42.6% in the past 12 months before the survey. Psychological violence was the most common type, followed by physical violence and sexual abuse. The prevalence rates for psychological, physical and sexual violence in a life time were 58.1%, 29.7%, 16.7%, while 37.2%, 14.0%, 7.7% in the past 12 months before the survey. All the total DV, psychological violence and sexual violence were more commonly seen in Jilin province, while physical violence was more prevalent in Chongqing city. The prevalence rate of violence was different among people with different social-demographic characteristics. Sexual abuse became more common with the improvement of education. In total, about 1/3 women suffered two or three categories of violence at the same time. Most sexually abused women suffered one kind of violence, while half of the physically and psychologically abused women suffering two and more kinds of violent behaviors at the same time. Married women had relatively little knowledge on domestic violence and 75.2 % of the women did not even know what domestic violence was referring to and some women suffered from DV themselves but knowing nothing about its implication. In general, physical violence was better understood among interviewed women while the knowledge about psychological violence was relatively poor. Conclusion Domestic violence, psychological violence in particular, was very common in rural China, while the knowledge of DV among married women was poor, effective actions should be taken to stop DV at no time.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Data Collection ; Domestic Violence ; psychology ; statistics & numerical data ; Female ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Humans ; Marriage ; Prevalence ; Rural Population

To acquire epidemiological data on the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and identify cattle persistently infected (PI) with this virus, 4,327 samples from Holstein dairy cows were screened over a four-year period in Beijing, China. Eighteen BVD viruses were isolated, 12 from PI cattle. Based on genetic analysis of their 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR), the 18 isolates were assigned to subgenotype BVDV-1m, 1a, 1d, 1q, and 1b. To investigate the innate immune responses in the peripheral-blood mononuclear cells of PI cattle, the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors, interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha), IFN-beta, myxovirus (influenza virus) resistance 1 (MX1), and interferon stimulatory gene 15 (ISG15) was assessed by qPCR. When compared with healthy cattle, the expression of TLR-7, IFN-alpha, and IFN-beta mRNA was downregulated, but the expression of MX1 and ISG-15 mRNA was upregulated in PI cattle. Immunoblotting analysis revealed that the expression of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7 was lower in PI cattle than in healthy cattle. Thus, BVDV-1m and 1a are the predominant subgenotypes in the Beijing region, and the strains are highly divergent. Our findings also suggest that the TLR-7/IRF-7 signaling pathway plays a role in evasion of host restriction by BVDV.
Animals ; Cattle* ; China* ; Diarrhea* ; Immunity, Innate* ; Immunoblotting ; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3 ; Interferon-alpha ; Interferons ; Orthomyxoviridae ; RNA, Messenger ; Toll-Like Receptors