Eosinophilic esophagitis is a rare disease in Asian countries, but its incidence is growing rapidly in Western countries. The main pathophysiology of eosinophilic esophagitis is esophageal epithelial barrier dysfunction; disruption of the esophageal epithelial barrier easily induces antigen sensitization to foods and aeroallergens, which leads to subsequent esophageal inflammation as a result of eosinophil recruitment. Here we report a case of an 11-year-old Korean boy who suffered from fever, odynophagia, dysphagia, and chest pain. His upper endoscopic findings showed longitudinal ulcers with a volcano-like appearance at the distal esophagus. Polymerase chain reaction test results and biopsy specimens were positive for herpes simplex virus type 1. He was treated with acyclovir and a proton pump inhibitor, but his follow-up endoscopy showed typical patterns of eosinophilic esophagitis, and the biopsy specimens were compatible with the diagnostic criteria for eosinophilic esophagitis. Therefore, we report a very rare case of eosinophilic esophagitis after herpes esophagitis in a Korean child with normal immunity.
Acyclovir ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biopsy ; Chest Pain ; Child ; Deglutition Disorders ; Endoscopy ; Eosinophilic Esophagitis ; Eosinophils ; Esophagitis ; Esophagus ; Fever ; Follow-Up Studies ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Humans ; Incidence ; Inflammation ; Male ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Proton Pumps ; Rare Diseases ; Simplexvirus ; Ulcer

Williams syndrome is a rare congenital disorder with various physical abnormalities and characterized by facial, oral, and dental features. Individuals with Williams syndrome typically have eating disorders in the early childhood, which lead to prolonged night feeding. Prolonged night feeding is a risk factor for rampant dental caries. Williams syndrome is caused by the microdeletion of chromosome 7, resulting in elastin deficiency. Elastin is integral to cardiovascular health. Many patients with Williams syndrome have complex cardiovascular abnormalities that must be considered a part of dental management. Complications related to cardiovascular diseases may induce adverse effects such as dangerously elevated blood pressure. This may occur in patients during stressful dental treatment. In addition, characteristics of auditory hyperalgesia and anxiety disorders among patients with William syndrome, complicate receiving routine dental management. Therefore, dental treatment under sedation or general anesthesia may be preferable for patients with Williams syndrome; in particular, patients who are very uncooperative and/or needs extensive dental treatment. A thorough evaluation of each patient's physical condition is required before making decisions regarding dental treatment. Careful monitoring and preparation for emergencies are very important during and shortly after dental treatment under general anesthesia or sedation. Monitoring is critical until vital signs have stabilized and return to normal. A 28-month-old man diagnosed as having Williams syndrome, visited the Dental Hospital of OO University for the management of rampant dental caries. We reported on the management of this patient who had peripheral pulmonic stenosis, and received dental treatment under general anesthesia. We also reviewed the characteristics of Williams syndrome and discussed considerations for dental treatment under general anesthesia.
Anesthesia, General ; Anxiety Disorders ; Blood Pressure ; Cardiovascular Abnormalities ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Child, Preschool ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 ; Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities ; Dental Caries ; Eating ; Elastin ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Hyperalgesia ; Pulmonary Valve Stenosis ; Risk Factors ; Vital Signs ; Williams Syndrome

Molar-incisor malformation (MIM) is a new type of root anomaly reported recently. The characteristics of MIM are dysplastic root formations, constriction of pulp chambers and presence of calcified matrices at the level of cementoenamel junction in permanent first molars and primary second molars. In some cases, permanent maxillary incisors are also affected. The permanent first molars of the patient in this case report were affected with MIM. Generalized pulp stones were observed in overall primary dentition. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer analysis were performed on the extracted mandibular first molar and maxillary primary second molar of the patient. Micro-CT images revealed the discontinuity of enamel directly connected to an accessory canal of the root.

The aim of the study is to compare the fluoride release and recharge properties of glass ionomer cements and ‘alkasite’.
Specimens of two glass ionomer cements (Fuji Ⅸ GP and Riva Self Cure), ‘alkasite’ restorative material (Cention N) and composite resin (FiltekTM Z350XT) were prepared. The fluoride release of each specimen was measured for 28 days. Thereafter, 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel was applied to experimental groups. No treatment was performed on control groups. The fluoride release was measured for additional 7 days to evaluate the fluoride recharge properties of each materials.
The fluoride release was highest in Riva Self Cure, followed by Fuji Ⅸ GP, Cention N (p < 0.05). Fluoride release of Cention N was measured to be approximately 49% of Fuji Ⅸ GP’s. After the application of 1.23% APF gel, increases in fluoride release were observed in Riva Self Cure, Fuji Ⅸ GP and Cention N (p < 0.05). Fluoride recharge was observed in Cention N as well as in glass ionomer cements. Further studies are required to evaluate the anti-cariogenic properties of Cention N at clinical conditions.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Emotional eating is one of the eating behaviors in which negative emotions affect eating. During the luteal phase, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its associated psychological and physical symptoms can appear in some women, and a few of them suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a severe form of PMS. Some women diagnosed with PMS/PMDD experience emotional eating during the luteal phase, which may be a coping mechanism for psychological stress. This study aimed to investigate how PMS/PMDD and negatively perceived stress are related to emotional eating. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 409 women aged 20 to 39 yrs with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18.5 to 29.9 kg/m2 participated in this study. Participants who responded to all the questions of the Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form, Negative Perceived Stress Scale, and Emotional Eater Questionnaire were divided into a PMDD and a non-PMDD group according to the cut-off value for PMDD diagnosis. Independent t-tests and mediation analyses were performed to compare the 2 groups. RESULTS: No significant differences between the 2 groups were found in terms of BMI;however, the average values for emotional eating, PMS, and negative perceived stress of the PMDD group were significantly higher than those of the non-PMDD group. Only negative perceived stress had a significant effect on emotional eating in the non-PMDD group. In the PMDD group, PMS was statistically significant for both negative perceived stress and emotional eating mediated by negative perceived stress. Consequently, it appeared to have a partial or complete mediation depending on the independent variable for the PMDD group. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of managing negative perceived stress to control emotional eating in PMS/PMDD for improved women’s health.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of sodium fluoride(NaF) varnish and potassium iodide(KI) on remineralization efficacy of silver diamine fluoride(SDF) by measuring microhardness and evaluating surface morphology by scanning electron microscope(SEM).
Artificial caries lesions were induced on extracted primary molars and vickers microhardness was measured. Specimens were randomly separated into 4 groups for treatment. The specimens in group I were treated with SDF, group II with NaF varnish after SDF, group III with KI after SDF and group IV with distilled water. After 8 days of pH cycling, vickers microhardness was measured and difference before and after treatment was calculated. For SEM, 2 samples were evaluated respectively after enamel polishing, lesion formation and after pH cycling.
Group III showed highest increase in microhardness. Group I showed higher increase in microhardness than Group II but without statistical difference. Group IV showed lowest increase in microhardness value among 4 groups.
On SEM image, group I, II and III showed smoother and less irregular surface compared to group IV. Amorphous crystal pellicles were observed in group III.
In conclusion, SDF, SDF and NaF, SDF and KI groups showed smoother surface and increase in microhardness suggesting the possibility that remineralization effect might take place in oral conditions. In addition, in limited conditions of this study, applying NaF varnish after SDF did not increase the remineralization efficacy of SDF while KI significantly increased the remineralization efficacy of SDF. However, additional study considering various conditions that might affect demineralization and remineralization in clinical situations need to be conducted.

In its short history, reproductive medicine has achieved many fertility-related milestones, including: the arrival of in vitro fertilization in the late 1970s, the development of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the early 1990s, the first ovarian transplant a decade ago, and the first livebirth after uterine transplantation in 2014. This paper provides a brief overview of the indications and methods, as well as future perspectives, available for fertility preservation.Current Concepts: More women are undergoing fertility preservation for medical or social reasons. Fertility preservation aids cancer patients in retaining the ability to procreate. Despite the high survival rate of malignancies in young patients, chemotherapy and whole abdominal irradiation have cytotoxic effects on reproductive organs. Cancer treatments can significantly reduce a patient’s reproductive capacity and thus result in irreversible infertility. Early ovarian failure is also a common by-product of additional cancer treatment, bone marrow transplantation, or autologous transplantation. The current options for fertility preservation in cancer patients include cryopreservation (of embryos, oocytes, and ovarian tissue) and gonadotropic-releasing hormone agonist treatment (before and during chemotherapy). Fertility preservation is a means for female cancer patients to preserve their fertility and delay childbearing. Fertility preservation can also aid women who wish to delay childbearing for personal reasons. Since the indications for fertility preservation are different for each patient, individualized treatment strategies should be employed depending on the patient’s situation.Discussion and Conclusion: Health professionals must inform women who are undergoing cancer treatments or purposefully delaying childbearing about the risks of decreased fertility. Appropriate fertility preservation options must be provided for these female patients.

This study was conducted in order to compare weight control behaviors, eating disorder risk, and depression in female adolescents according to dieting experience during the last year. The subjects were 707 students attending a girls' high school in Seoul, and all the information was collected by self-administered questionnaire. Eating disorder risk and depression were determined by using EAT-26 (Eating Attitude Test-26) and PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), respectively. Data were compared between subjects with experience of dieting (320) and those without (387). More of the subjects with dieting experience were unsatisfied with their own body weights (76.9% vs. 44.2%, P<0.01) and weighed themselves frequently (P<0.01) compared to those without diet experience. EAT-26 (11.63±8.3 vs. 5.99±4.7, P<0.01) and PHQ-9 scores (7.05±4.6 vs. 6.00±4.4, P<0.01) were higher in subjects with dieting experience compared to their counterparts. Therefore, we concluded that dieting is associated with several undesirable psychological aspects such as eating disorder risk and depression in adolescent girls, and thus providing proper education is urgently needed to emphasizing importance of healthy weight and the danger of unnecessary dieting.
Adolescent ; Body Image* ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Depression* ; Diet* ; Eating* ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Female* ; Humans ; Seoul*

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged 29.2 +/- 3.4 years and their infants aged 8.2 +/- 3.2 months. Body mass index of the subjects was 21.0 +/- 3.2. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was 1953 +/- 391 kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was 0.77 +/- 0.14 and was higher in FF (0.86 +/- 0.13) than in BF (0.76 +/- 0.11) and MF (0.72 +/- 0.18). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (> or = 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.
Aged ; Ascorbic Acid ; Body Mass Index ; Breakfast ; Breast Feeding ; Calcium ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Fabaceae ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Fishes ; Folic Acid ; Humans ; Infant ; Meals ; Milk ; Mothers ; Nutritional Status ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Riboflavin ; Vegetables ; Vitamin A

The purpose of this study was to investigate the odontoblast gene expression related to the subculture speed of supernumerary dental pulp stem cells (sDPSCs). The stem cell is undifferentiated cells which has the ability to differentiate into various cells. Specific stimulation or environment induces cell differentiation, and these differentiation leads to bone or muscle formation.20 sDPSCs were obtained from 20 children under aseptic condition. During the culture through the 10th passage, the third passage cells which showed short subculture period and 10th passage cells which showed long subculture period were earned. Each cell was divided into differentiated group and non-differentiated group. Quantitative real-time polychain reaction (q-RT-PCR) was performed for each group. The genes related to odontoblast differentiation, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Osteocalcin (OCN), Osteonectin (ONT), Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and Dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP-1), were measured.Differentiated cells showed more gene expression levels. Undifferentiated cells showed higher gene expression level in 10th passages but differentiated cells showed higher gene expression level in 3rd passages. Cells that showed faster subculture period showed relatively lower gene expression level except for OCN and DSPP.
Alkaline Phosphatase ; Cell Differentiation ; Child ; Dental Pulp ; Dentin ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Odontoblasts ; Osteocalcin ; Osteonectin ; Pilot Projects ; Stem Cells