Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and genotypic traits of PCV2 and PCV3 in wild boars in the Gyeongnam region. Methods: Serum samples from wild boars in Gyeongnam Province were screened for PCV2 and PCV3, and polymerase chain reaction-positive samples were further subjected to genotyping and whole-genome sequencing of PCV2 and PCV3. Results: Thirty-eight samples tested positive for PCV2, 7 for PCV3, and 2 for PCV2 and PCV3 (coinfection). PCV2d and PCV3b are the dominant genotypes, causing PCV2 and PCV3 coinfections. Wild boar PCV2 and PCV3 viruses closely resemble their corresponding genotypic strains circulating in South Korea. Conclusions and Relevance: The circulation of PCV2 and/or PCV3 in wild species poses an additional challenge for commercial pig farming due to potential contact with infected wild boars. Our findings highlight the necessity for active monitoring and surveillance of wild boars and the enforcement of stringent biosecurity measures on commercial swine farms to mitigate the risk of PCV spillover to the domestic pig population.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and genotypic traits of PCV2 and PCV3 in wild boars in the Gyeongnam region. Methods: Serum samples from wild boars in Gyeongnam Province were screened for PCV2 and PCV3, and polymerase chain reaction-positive samples were further subjected to genotyping and whole-genome sequencing of PCV2 and PCV3. Results: Thirty-eight samples tested positive for PCV2, 7 for PCV3, and 2 for PCV2 and PCV3 (coinfection). PCV2d and PCV3b are the dominant genotypes, causing PCV2 and PCV3 coinfections. Wild boar PCV2 and PCV3 viruses closely resemble their corresponding genotypic strains circulating in South Korea. Conclusions and Relevance: The circulation of PCV2 and/or PCV3 in wild species poses an additional challenge for commercial pig farming due to potential contact with infected wild boars. Our findings highlight the necessity for active monitoring and surveillance of wild boars and the enforcement of stringent biosecurity measures on commercial swine farms to mitigate the risk of PCV spillover to the domestic pig population.

Many ocular features were found in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), which include dry eye, blepharospasm, eye movement problems, and blink reflex dysfunction. Some of these symptoms are associated with autonomic dysfunctions seen in MSA. We report a young clinically-probable MSA patient with bilateral ptosis at an early disease stage. Although there is no clear evidence that ptosis, in this case, was caused by abnormalities in the sympathetic cholinergic system, the selective impairment of sudomotor function implied an injured sympathetic cholinergic system secondary to MSA pathology. Ocular manifestations need more attention in clinical examinations of patients with MSA.

Many ocular features were found in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), which include dry eye, blepharospasm, eye movement problems, and blink reflex dysfunction. Some of these symptoms are associated with autonomic dysfunctions seen in MSA. We report a young clinically-probable MSA patient with bilateral ptosis at an early disease stage. Although there is no clear evidence that ptosis, in this case, was caused by abnormalities in the sympathetic cholinergic system, the selective impairment of sudomotor function implied an injured sympathetic cholinergic system secondary to MSA pathology. Ocular manifestations need more attention in clinical examinations of patients with MSA.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and genotypic traits of PCV2 and PCV3 in wild boars in the Gyeongnam region. Methods: Serum samples from wild boars in Gyeongnam Province were screened for PCV2 and PCV3, and polymerase chain reaction-positive samples were further subjected to genotyping and whole-genome sequencing of PCV2 and PCV3. Results: Thirty-eight samples tested positive for PCV2, 7 for PCV3, and 2 for PCV2 and PCV3 (coinfection). PCV2d and PCV3b are the dominant genotypes, causing PCV2 and PCV3 coinfections. Wild boar PCV2 and PCV3 viruses closely resemble their corresponding genotypic strains circulating in South Korea. Conclusions and Relevance: The circulation of PCV2 and/or PCV3 in wild species poses an additional challenge for commercial pig farming due to potential contact with infected wild boars. Our findings highlight the necessity for active monitoring and surveillance of wild boars and the enforcement of stringent biosecurity measures on commercial swine farms to mitigate the risk of PCV spillover to the domestic pig population.

Many ocular features were found in patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA), which include dry eye, blepharospasm, eye movement problems, and blink reflex dysfunction. Some of these symptoms are associated with autonomic dysfunctions seen in MSA. We report a young clinically-probable MSA patient with bilateral ptosis at an early disease stage. Although there is no clear evidence that ptosis, in this case, was caused by abnormalities in the sympathetic cholinergic system, the selective impairment of sudomotor function implied an injured sympathetic cholinergic system secondary to MSA pathology. Ocular manifestations need more attention in clinical examinations of patients with MSA.

Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence and genotypic traits of PCV2 and PCV3 in wild boars in the Gyeongnam region. Methods: Serum samples from wild boars in Gyeongnam Province were screened for PCV2 and PCV3, and polymerase chain reaction-positive samples were further subjected to genotyping and whole-genome sequencing of PCV2 and PCV3. Results: Thirty-eight samples tested positive for PCV2, 7 for PCV3, and 2 for PCV2 and PCV3 (coinfection). PCV2d and PCV3b are the dominant genotypes, causing PCV2 and PCV3 coinfections. Wild boar PCV2 and PCV3 viruses closely resemble their corresponding genotypic strains circulating in South Korea. Conclusions and Relevance: The circulation of PCV2 and/or PCV3 in wild species poses an additional challenge for commercial pig farming due to potential contact with infected wild boars. Our findings highlight the necessity for active monitoring and surveillance of wild boars and the enforcement of stringent biosecurity measures on commercial swine farms to mitigate the risk of PCV spillover to the domestic pig population.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.

Nanobodies derived from camelids and sharks offer unique advantages in therapeutic applications due to their ability to bind to epitopes that were previously inaccessible. Traditional methods of nanobody development face challenges such as ethical concerns and antigen toxicity. Our study presents a synthetic, phagedisplayed nanobody library using trinucleotide-directed mutagenesis technology, which allows precise amino acid composition in complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), with a focus on CDR3 diversity. This approach avoids common problems such as frameshift mutations and stop codon insertions associated with other synthetic antibody library construction methods. By analyzing FDA-approved nanobodies and Protein Data Bank sequences, we designed sub-libraries with different CDR3 lengths and introduced amino acid substitutions to improve solubility. The validation of our library through the successful isolation of nanobodies against targets such as PD-1, ATXN1 and STAT3 demonstrates a versatile and ethical platform for the development of high specificity and affinity nanobodies and represents a significant advance in biotechnology.