Objective To investigate the possible mechanism of metoprolol on protecting against ischemia‐reperfusion in‐duced injury .Methods A total of 32 healthy 3-4 months male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups(n=8)as following :Sham‐operating group(control group);metoprolol group;ischemia‐reperfusion group(I/R group);metoprolol + I/R group .Myo‐cardial injury ,apoptosis ,cytochrome c release ,Caspase‐3 activity and calpain activity were determined in these groups .Results Al‐though there was no obvious changes in the regions at risk between I/R group and metoprolol + I/R group ,metoprolol pretreat‐ment significantly reduced the ratio of the infarct to risk regions(P<0 .05) .In the I/R group ,the rate of cardiomyocyte apoptosis , cytochrome c release ,as well as the activity of Caspase‐3 and calpain significantly increased compared to the control group(P<0 .01) .However ,these effects of I/R injury were alleviated by pretreatment with metoprolol .Conclusion metoprolol might protect against ischemia‐reperfusion induced injury by preventing calpain activation .

Water-soluble carboxymethyl chitosan was prepared from dried shrimp shells. The intrinsic viscosities of its samples were measured to evaluate the stability of carboxymethyl chitosan. The influential factors of stability, such as heat, pH, ionic strength, ultraviolet radiation, and sterilization were studied. The results demonstrate that the intrinsic viscosities of water-soluble chitosan will be influenced, to a certain extent, by the change of pH and ionic strength. Ultraviolet radiation and sterilized processes not only exept influence on the degradation of chitosan, but also have prominent effects on the molecular structure of it. Besides, temperature will also affect the speed of degradation, and chitosan can be stored at a temperature as low as 2 degrees C-8 degrees C.
Chitosan ; chemical synthesis ; chemistry ; Drug Stability ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Solubility ; Temperature

Humans ; Benzodiazepines ; Hypnotics and Sedatives/therapeutic use* ; Intensive Care Units ; Midazolam

Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Most patients with sepsis underwent a state of immune suppression after surviving the acute inflammatory response, and were susceptible to secondary nosocomial infections, leading to a prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality rate. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a heterogeneous population with immunosuppressive activities, can contribute to the development of immunosuppression in patients with cancer and inhibit the host immune response, but the characteristics of MDSCs and their functional mechanism has not been fully addressed in the development of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Thus, this review will summary the new findings on the mechanisms of MDSCs in septic immunosuppressionin order to provide ideas and directions for targeting MDSCs as treatment of septic immunosuppression.

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by infection. When an infection occurs, as the first line of defense of the body's immune system, neutrophils are first recruited to the site of infection to capture and kill pathogens by releasing neutrophil elastase (NE). However, a large amount of NE release will injury the surrounding normal tissues and induce organ dysfunction or failure. NE inhibitors can inhibit NE activity and reduce inflammatory response, which may be a promising drug for the treatment of sepsis. Currently, a variety of NE inhibitors have been developed and reported, but there is no systematic overview of their characteristics, and the role and underlying mechanisms of NE and related inhibitors in sepsis have not been thoroughly discussed. This article will make a review in this regard, in order to elucidate the effect of NE and its inhibitors in sepsis.

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis-induced cell lysis and necrosis lead to the passive release of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) into circulation. These DNAs bind to pattern recognition receptor (PRR), triggering excessive inflammatory cytokines production and increasing mortality. Three prime repair exonuclease 1 (TREX1) is a 3' to 5' exonuclease that rapidly degrades single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by cleaving phosphodiester bonds. This process can prevent the accumulation of damaged DNA in the cytoplasm, thereby averting abnormal inflammation and pathological immune responses. TREX1 thus plays a significant role in regulating DNA-related damage caused by sepsis. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of TREX1 in sepsis have not been thoroughly discussed. This review aims to elucidate the structure and function of TREX1 and its mediated immune regulatory mechanisms, with the hope of clarifying the potential role of TREX1 in the field of sepsis.

Critical care medicine is a discipline dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of severe illnesses,demanding extensive knowledge,advanced skills,and exceptional teamwork and communication abilities.However,the complexity and dynamic nature of critically ill patients often render traditional face-to-face teaching methods insufficient.Emerging educational approaches like virtual reality(VR)and augmented reality(AR)offer simulated environments,but lack the depth of interaction with the real world,constraining the educational outcomes.Mixed reality(MR),which integrates elements of both VR and AR,provides an immersive and highly interactive learning experience by seamlessly bridging the virtual and real worlds.Although MR has begun to establish itself in medical education,its application in critical care medicine remains in its early stages.This article aims to elucidate the characteristics and evolution of MR,alongside its potential value and applications in critical care medical education.

Objective To investigate the hotspots and trends in research related to nanotechnology applications in sepsis from 1996 to 2023.Methods Sepsis-related nanotechnology literature was sourced from the Web of Science core databases,with key metrics like publication count,citations,and various collaborations(author,institutional,national)analyzed.The data,including co-occurring keywords,were visualized using the CiteSpace tool.Results From 1996 to 2023,a total of 1 271 publications on nanotechnology in sepsis were retrieved,demonstrating a significant increase in both studies and citations,with the annual publication rate growing from 1 in 1996 to 205 in 2022,averaging an 23.7％ growth rate.From 1996 to 2006,the number of articles issued showed a slow upward trend,and the overall trend tends to be stable.From 2006 to 2023,a rapid growth in publications peaked in 2022 with 205 articles.The Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)leads the list of institutions with the highest number of publications,with a total of 32 papers.While the most prolific author was Amin with 14 publications.China was the most productive country with 430 publications(33.8％)and 7 539 citations,followed by the United States with 276 publications and 9 859 citations.India,South Korea and Germany followed.The research hotspots,indicated by keyword clusters like "composites""activation""capture""infection""drug delivery""sensor" and "biomarkers".The research hotspots are mainly in the diagnostic and therapeutic areas.Conclusions Nanotechnology holds great promise in facilitating sepsis treatment,and research hotspots nanomaterials are shifting from traditional antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of nanomaterials to the development of multifunctional nanocomplexes targeting diverse pathological mechanisms in sepsis.This transition underlines the expanding role of nanomaterials in this field.Despite their growing influence,current research is predominantly led by independent scholars,lacking extensive national and inter-institutional collaborations,which limits its impact.It is recommended to strengthen the cooperation and communication between domestic and foreign researchers to promote the scientific and standardized development of nanotechnology application in sepsis.