Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of diphtheria toxin on cochlear structure and auditory function of adult wildtype mice.Methods The auditory-mature wild type C57BL/6J mice 4 weeks old were randomly devided into 50 ng/g group, 100 ng/g group and control group.C57BL/6J mice in the 50 ng/g or 100 ng/g group were injected 50 ng/g or 100 ng/g diphtheria toxin intraperitoneally for one time, respectively, and the control mice were injected equal volume of normal saline for one time.Then we investigated the ABR threshold change and morphological change of inner and outer hair cell and spiral ganglion neuron 7 days after the injection.Results At 7 day post diphtheria toxin injection compared with those of in control group, in the 50 ng/g group, there was no threshold elevation across frequencies(8 kHz ABR threshold was 20.0±3.78 and 20.83±2.04 dB SPL for 50 ng/g and control respectively), and no loss of inner and outer hair cells (for both groups, the HC loss rates were 0.3%~1%) or SGN (the SGN density was 39.45±3.65, 41.03±3.73/105 μm2, in 50 ng/g and control, respectively).However, the 100 ng/g group, compared with those of in control group, the ABR threshold (8 kHz ABR threshold was 63.0±4.47 dB SPL, respectively)was significantly elevated across each frequency(t=19.62,P<0.001), and there was significant loss of outer hair cell (the loss rate of IHC and OHC was 0.5%±0.1%, 10.7%±0.3%, respectively), which was 10% loss in the apical, middle and basal turn(t=42.219,P<0.001).And the loss of spiral ganglion neuron (the SGN density was 25.55±3.66/105 μm2) was 38%, which was significantly different from the control(t=10.985,P<0.001).Conclusion High dose injection of diphtheria toxin can cause loss of outer hair cell and spiral ganglion neuron in wild type auditory-mature C57BL/6J mice.

Objective To compare the efficacy of three solutions used in the patients who suffered chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD ) when combined with oral fungal infection,and to find the most suitable one. Methods Using randomized controlled trial method, 98 patients who suffered COPD complicated with fungal infection were randomly divided into three groups. Method 1, using 0.5% povidone for the oral care. Method 2, making 200 million U of nystatin powder dissolved in 2.5% NaHCO3 for the oral care.Method 3, gave oral care with 2.5% NaHCO3 first, then put 200 million U of nystatin powder into 20 ml glycerol and covered the oral spots with them. Three groups were observed in the effect of oral fungal infection and the feedback from patients and nurses. Results In the analysis of the white spots sharply disappeared or pharyngeal swab smear turned negative, method 1 and method 3 had no statistical difference, P>0.05, but method 2 and method 3 had statistical significance, t=3.892, P <0.01; the three groups had no significant difference of feedback from the patients’ oral comfort, P >0.05. The time made solution of method 1 occupied 41.7% of method 3, and the time made solution of method 2 occupied 54.4%of method 3, while there was no statistical significance in total time of three groups (P>0.05). Conclusions The oral care with 0.5% povidone had good effect on the patients who suffered COPD complicated with oral fungal infection,with good comfort,and most nurses saving time. Nystatin powder dissolved in 2.5% NaHCO3 worked later than nystatin powder dissolved in glycerol.

Objective To compare the outcomes of traumatic flail chest with multiple injuries treated by operative fixation versus conservative approach. Methods The clinical data of 60 patients with traumatic flail chest with multiple injuries were retrospectively analysed, and the outcomes between operation group (treated by operative fixation, n=32)and non-operation group (treated by conservative approach, n=28) were compared. Results The mean time of hospital stay, ICU stay and mechanical ventilation was significantly shorter, and the prevalences of chest wall deformity, pulmonary infection, pulmonary atelectasis and respiratory failure were significantly lower in operation group than those in non-operation group (P<0.05). Six months after discharge, the pulmonary function parameters such as inspiratory capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, total lung capacity and maximal midexpiratory flow were significantly higher in operation group than those in non-operation group (P<0.05). Conclusion Traumatic flail chest with multiple injuries treated by operative fixation may lead to less flail chest associated complications. Operative fixation has short- and long-term benefits to flail chest.

Objective To compared different fixation methods for acetabular fractures involving the quadrilateral plate using a finite element model of the acetabulum.Methods A model of acetabular fractures with quadrilateral plate involved was developed in the finite element software and processed in Hypermesh V10.0 to generate internal fixation with dual-column titanium plate (Group A),anterior special titanium moulding plate plus quadrilateral screws (Group B),and anterior special titanium moulding plate plus quadrilateral screws combined with posterior column screws (Group C).Pelvic stress in sitting and standing positions were simulated in sequence with constraint of tuber nodes and inferior femur.Maximum stress and displacement of the acetabulum and displacement of nodes on fracture lines were measured after a force of 600 N was applied to S1 verterbrae in line with the direction of gravity in sitting and standing positions.Results In sitting position,the maximum stress and displacement of the acetabulum exhibited a sequence of Group C (9.47,1.08) ＜ Group B (19.84,1.11) ＜ Group A (29.73,1.14).Moreover,the same result was found in standing position with Group C (9.62,1.09) ＜ Group B (12.18,1.10) ＜ Group A (13.28,1.13).Mean displacement of nodes on fracture lines ranked in order of Group C ＜ Group B ＜ Group A (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The finite element model can reflect the distribution of pelvic stress effectively.Anterior special titanium moulding plate plus quadrilateral screws combined with posterior column screws provide favorable biomechanical stability in treatment of acetabular fractures involving the quadrilateral area.

Objective To establish an auditory evoked potential (AEP) detection system in zerbafish.Methods The AEP detection tank was designed and made, and then verified for its quality and reliability via four experiments: anesthesia experiment, swim bladder deflation, noise exposure and goldfish AEP test.Finally, zebrafish (total length form 10 mm to 46 mm) were determined using this system for AEP.Zebrafish randomly were divided into five groups according to total length (TL=12~15 mm, n=6;TL=17~20 mm,n=4;TL=22~26 mm, n=4;TL=32~37 mm, n=9;and TL=42~46 mm,n=12).Goldfish, as control group, were purchased for local petshop (TL=38~54 mm,n=8).Results The results of these four verifying experiments confirmed the biological, rather than artefactual, nature of the responses represented by the recorded waveforms.The AEPs were detected up to a much higher frequency limit (12 kHz) than previously reported.In this study, all fish demonstrated a range of hearing frequency from 100 Hz to 12 kHz without frequency expansion during development.The best hearing was observed at 600 Hz~1 kHz.The mean values of the frequency-averaged thresholds (mean SEM) were 141.7±1.32, 124.8±1.31, 121.8±1.49, 117.8 ±1.09 and 124.4±1.87 dB w, respectively, for the 5 TL groups.The AEP thresholds demonstrated both developmental improvement and age-related loss of hearing sensitivity.Conclusion An auditory evoked potential detection system of zerbafish has been established with stable performance and can be used for AEP detection of zebrafish.

Objective To assess the frequency of different subtype of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) in Chinese Han population. Methods The nueleotide repeat mutations of SCA1, SCA2, SCA3/ MJD, SCA6, SCAT, SCA8, SCA10, SCA12, SCA17 and dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) were detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), Southern blot, recombinant DNA technology by T-vector cloning and direct sequencing technique in a cohort of 559 Mainland Chinese patients affected by spinocerebellar ataxia, including 363 families with autosomal dominant SCA (AD-SCA) and 196 sporadic cases. Results Among the 363 AD-SCA families, 15 families (4. 13%) were positive for SCA1, 26 (7. 16%) for SCA2, 187 (51.52%) for SCA3/MJD, 6 (1.65%) for SCA6, 7 (1.93%) for SCA7, 1 (0. 28%) for SCA12 and 1 (0. 28%) positive for SCA17; 120(33. 06%) were negative for all the tested SCAs. There were 2 (1.02%) SCAI, 3 (1.53%) SCA2, 15 (7. 65%) SCA3/MJD, 3 (1.53%) SCA6 and 173 (88.27%) not identified in the 196 sporadic SCA patients. None of the SCA8, SCA10 and DRPLA mutation was found. Conclusions SCA3/MJD is a substantially common subtype of AD-SCAs and sporadic SCA in Chinese Han patients with SCAs, subsequently followed by SCA2, SCA1, SCAT and SCA6; SCA12 and SCA17 are uncommon subtypes, while SCA8, SCA10, and DRPLA are rare, if not absent. SCA17 subtype was initially identified in mailand China. Some other genes might be causative in those unidentified AD-SCA pedigrees, and other etiological factors besides genetic cause might contribute for those sporadic cases.

Binding Sites ; Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Histones ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Humans ; Methylation ; Multiprotein Complexes ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Conformation ; Yeasts ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo investigate the CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) types 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, and 17 from Chinese Han.

METHODSThe pathological CAG triplet repeat expansions of the SCA1, SCA2, SCA3/Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), SCA6, SCA7, SCA12 and SCA17 genes were analyzed in a cohort of 559 Mainland Chinese patients affected by spinocerebellar ataxia, including 363 probands from families with autosomal dominant SCA and 196 sporadic cases. Polymerase chain reaction, agarose gel electrophoresis, recombinant DNA technology by T-vector cloning and direct sequencing were performed to detect the CAG-repeat number of abnormal allele.

RESULTSAmong the 559 SCA patients, twenty-three were positive for SCA1, the ranges of expanded CAG repeats were from 39 to 60 (mean:51.09+/-4.88); thirty-two were positive for SCA2, the ranges of expanded CAG repeats were from 36 to 51 (mean:40.34+/-4.40); three hundred and five were positive for SCA3/MJD, the ranges of expanded CAG repeats were from 49 to 86 (mean:73.84+/-5.07); nine were positive for SCA6, the ranges of expanded CAG repeats were from 23 to 29 (mean:25.56+/-1.94); twenty-seven were positive for SCA7, the ranges of expanded CAG repeats were from 38 to 71(mean:58.22+/-10.90); three were positive for SCA12, the ranges of expanded CAG repeats were from 51 to 52 (mean:51.33+/-0.58); and finally, two were positive for SCA17, the range of expanded CAG repeats were from 53 to 55 (mean:54.00+/-1.41).

CONCLUSIONThe 39 CAG repeats of SCA1, 49 CAG repeats of SCA3 and 51 CAG repeats of SCA12 are all the shortest known causative expanded alleles, while the 86 CAG repeats of SCA3/MJD is the largest full expanded allele that has never been reported. Furthermore, it is the first report of SCA17 subtype in Mainland Chinese and first research that established the abnormal reference standard of CAG repeat number of different subtypes of SCA in Chinese Han.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; ethnology ; genetics ; Ataxin-7 ; Ataxins ; Base Sequence ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cohort Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Tissue Proteins ; genetics ; Protein Phosphatase 2 ; genetics ; Spinocerebellar Ataxias ; ethnology ; genetics ; Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion ; Young Adult

Chronic refractory wounds have been a challenge for clinical treatment because of their diverse causative factors and complex pathological processes, long healing times, and high treatment costs. The microenvironment of the wound surface includes the external microenvironment of the periwound surface, the internal microenvironment of the wound surface, and subsurface physiological structures. Research on clinical treatment strategies based on the microenvironment of chronic refractory wounds continues to innovate and make progress. Hydrogels have the advantages of high-water content, adjustable performance, good biocompatibility, and similarity to extracellular matrix. The ability of hydrogels to load drugs and their modification to confer excellent tissue adhesion, antibacterial, antioxidant, and modulation of inflammatory factor expression can be used to achieve a multi-factor response and modulation of the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of the trauma microenvironment. Therefore, hydrogels have outstanding advantages and clinical application prospects in the repair of chronic, difficult-to-heal wounds. In this review paper, the characteristics and etiology of chronic refractory wounds were introduced, and the classification of microenvironment-responsive hydrogels for chronic refractory wounds and their application in the repair of refractory wounds were reviewed. Besides, the shortcomings of current hydrogels were discussed, and an outlook was proposed.

Aim To investigate the inhibition role and mechanism of adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell(ADMSC)exosomes(Exo)on adverse ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction(MI).Methods The chan-ges of autophagy and inflammasomes phenotype of cardiac fibroblasts after H2O2 treatment were observed.MI rats were in-jected with an equal volume of normal saline,adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes(MSC-Exo)or fibroblast exosomes(MEF-Exo)via a tail vein.The expression of autophagy related 16 like protein 1(ATG16L1),autophagy re-lated protein 7(ATG7)and NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),inflammatory response,the degree of myocardial fi-brosis,and the cardiac function were observed in different groups.Results After treatment with H2O2 on cardiac fi-broblasts,the expressions of ATG16L1 and ATG7 were significantly decreased(P＜0.001),NLRP3 was significantly in-creased(P＜0.001),and the levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and IL-18 were significantly elevated(P＜0.001).After MI rats were intervened with MSC-Exo,the expressions of autophagy related proteins ATG16L1 and ATG7 were significantly up-regulated(P＜0.001),NLRP3 was significantly down-regulated(P＜0.001),serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels were significantly decreased(P＜0.001),fibrosis-related proteins collagen Ⅰ and Ⅲ were significantly reduced(P＜0.001),myocardial fibrosis was significantly relieved(P＜0.001),and cardiac function was sig-nificantly improved(P＜0.001).Conclusion Adipose derived MSC-Exo play a role in inhibiting adverse ventricular remodeling after MI by regulating the balance of autophagy and NLRP3 inflammasomes.