Purpose: This study aimed to understand the meaning of the nurses’experiences of patients’ safety accident. Methods: This study is qualitative research using Giorgi’s phenomenological methodology to identify themes of the nurses’experiences of patients’safety accident. The research question was “What is the essential meaning of the nurses’experiences of patients’self-extubating?” Data were collected from the individual in-depth interview from November to December 2017. Seven clinical nurses working in intensive care units were purposely selected. Results: The results showed that 6 essential themes and 13 theme clusters were derived. The essential themes of nurses’ experiences were as follows: ‘Fear of unexpected situations’, ‘Guilt for having a safety accident’, ‘Regret about the cause of the accident’, ‘The conflict between patient human rights and adherence to patient safety principles’, ‘Daunted by the blame of others and feelings of guilt’, ‘Attention is paid to accident prevention practices’. Conclusion It is necessary to manage post-processing management of incidents and nurses’trauma.

Microglia are activated by inflammatory and pathophysiological stimuli in neurodegenerative diseases, and activated microglia induce neuronal damage by releasing cytotoxic factors like nitric oxide (NO). Activated microglia synthesize a significant amount of vitamin D3 in the rat brain, and vitamin D3 has an inhibitory effect on activated microglia. To investigate the possible role of vitamin D3 as a negative regulator of activated microglia, we examined the effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia. Treatment with LPS increased the production of NO in primary cultured and BV2 microglial cells. Treatment with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibited the generation of NO in LPS-activated primary microglia and BV2 cells. In addition to NO production, expression of 1-alpha-hydroxylase and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) was also upregulated in LPS-stimulated primary and BV2 microglia. When BV2 cells were transfected with 1-alpha-hydroxylase siRNA or VDR siRNA, the inhibitory effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on activated BV2 cells was suppressed. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 also inhibited the increased phosphorylation of p38 seen in LPS-activated BV2 cells, and this inhibition was blocked by VDR siRNA. The present study shows that 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits NO production in LPS-activated microglia through the mediation of LPS-induced 1-alpha-hydroxylase. This study also shows that the inhibitory effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on NO production might be exerted by inhibiting LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38 through the mediation of VDR signaling. These results suggest that vitamin D3 might have an important role in the negative regulation of microglial activation.
Animals ; Brain ; Calcifediol* ; Cholecalciferol ; Microglia* ; Negotiating ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Neurons ; Nitric Oxide* ; Phosphorylation ; Rats ; Receptors, Calcitriol ; RNA, Small Interfering

BACKGROUND: The influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on weight status varies depending on the countries' levels of social and economic development. There are many studies on a risk of adolescent obesity according to familial SES in Korea. However, it is not clarified what effects familial SES has on a risk of underweight in Korean adolescents. This study investigated the distribution of weight status including obesity and underweight according to familial SES in Korean adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 63,741 adolescents who participated in the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Wed-based Survey. The data on height, weight, familial SES, current smoking status, current alcohol intake, physical activity, breakfast skipping, perceived stress, depressive mood, and living with family were obtained through online questionnaires. The assessment of familial SES was based on perceived household economic status and parental education level. RESULTS: In boys, low household economic status was related to a high proportion of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.25) and underweight (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14–1.51). Girls with low household economic status were more likely to be obese (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.61–2.03) and overweight (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.23–1.60) but, although not statistically significant, less likely to be underweight (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.75–1.04). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that adolescents with low familial SES were at a high risk of obesity and underweight. A risk of underweight was increased in boys with low familial SES but in girls with high familial SES.
Adolescent ; Breakfast ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Economic Development ; Education ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Motor Activity ; Obesity ; Overweight ; Parents ; Pediatric Obesity ; Risk-Taking ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Social Class ; Thinness

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the superoxide anion (O2-.), and the hydroxyl radical (OH.), are generated as by-products of oxidative metabolism in cells. The cerebral cortex has been found to be particularly vulnerable to production of ROS associated with conditions such as ischemia-reperfusion, Parkinson's disease, and aging. To investigate the effect of ROS on inhibitory GABAergic synaptic transmission, we examined the electrophysiological mechanisms of the modulatory effect of H2O2 on GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSCs) in mechanically isolated rat cerebral cortical neurons retaining intact synaptic boutons. The membrane potential was voltage-clamped at -60 mV and mIPSCs were recorded and analyzed. Superfusion of 1-mM H2O2 gradually potentiated mIPSCs. This potentiating effect of H2O2 was blocked by the pretreatment with either 10,000-unit/mL catalase or 300-micrometer N-acetyl-cysteine. The potentiating effect of H2O2 was occluded by an adenylate cyclase activator, forskolin, and was blocked by a protein kinase A inhibitor, N-(2-[p-bromocinnamylamino] ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride. This study indicates that oxidative stress may potentiate presynaptic GABA release through the mechanism of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathways, which may result in the inhibition of the cerebral cortex neuronal activity.
Adenylyl Cyclases ; Aging ; Animals ; Catalase ; Cerebral Cortex ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases ; Forskolin ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Hydroxyl Radical ; Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Membrane Potentials ; Neurons ; Oxidative Stress ; Parkinson Disease ; Presynaptic Terminals ; Rats ; Reactive Oxygen Species ; Superoxides ; Synaptic Transmission

Astrocytes are reported to have critical functions in ischemic brain injury including protective effects against ischemia-induced neuronal dysfunction. Na-K ATPase maintains ionic gradients in astrocytes and is suggested as an indicator of ischemic injury in glial cells. Here, we examined the role of the Na-K ATPase in the pathologic process of ischemic injury of primary cultured astrocytes. Chemical ischemia was induced by sodium azide and glucose deprivation. Lactate dehydrogenase assays showed that the cytotoxic effect of chemical ischemia on astrocytes began to appear at 2 h of ischemia. The expression of Na-K ATPase alpha1 subunit protein was increased at 2 h of chemical ischemia and was decreased at 6 h of ischemia, whereas the expression of alpha1 subunit mRNA was not changed by chemical ischemia. Na-K ATPase activity was time-dependently decreased at 1, 3, and 6 h of chemical ischemia, whereas the enzyme activity was temporarily recovered to the control value at 2 h of chemical ischemia. Cytotoxicity at 2 h of chemical ischemia was significantly blocked by reoxygenation for 24 h following ischemia. Reoxygenation following chemical ischemia for 1 h significantly increased the activity of the Na-K ATPase, while reoxygenation following ischemia for 2 h slightly decreased the enzyme activity. These results suggest that the critical time for ischemia-induced cytotoxicity of astrocytes might be 2 h after the initiation of ischemic insult and that the increase in the expression and activity of the Na-K ATPase might play a protective role during ischemic injury of astrocytes.
Adenosine Triphosphatases ; Astrocytes ; Brain Injuries ; Glucose ; Ischemia ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Neuroglia ; Neurons ; RNA, Messenger ; Sodium Azide

BACKGROUND: The influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on weight status varies depending on the countries' levels of social and economic development. There are many studies on a risk of adolescent obesity according to familial SES in Korea. However, it is not clarified what effects familial SES has on a risk of underweight in Korean adolescents. This study investigated the distribution of weight status including obesity and underweight according to familial SES in Korean adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study involved 63,741 adolescents who participated in the 2016 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Wed-based Survey. The data on height, weight, familial SES, current smoking status, current alcohol intake, physical activity, breakfast skipping, perceived stress, depressive mood, and living with family were obtained through online questionnaires. The assessment of familial SES was based on perceived household economic status and parental education level. RESULTS: In boys, low household economic status was related to a high proportion of obesity (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.25) and underweight (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.14–1.51). Girls with low household economic status were more likely to be obese (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.61–2.03) and overweight (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.23–1.60) but, although not statistically significant, less likely to be underweight (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.75–1.04). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that adolescents with low familial SES were at a high risk of obesity and underweight. A risk of underweight was increased in boys with low familial SES but in girls with high familial SES.