Qingfeitang， specialized in resolving phlegm to stop cough and producing fluid to moisten dryness， is a classic prescription inherited and developed by physicians of successive generations and has been included in the Catalogue of Ancient Classic Prescriptions （First Batch） published by the National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM） in 2018. Relevant ancient books data and modern literature were collected by bibliometrics to analyze the historic origin， formula composition， herb origin， preparation methods， processing methods， clinical effect， and indications of Qingfeitang. The key information of Qingfeitang was summarized to provide reference for the clinical application of the decoction. In this study， a total of 43 pieces of effective data on relevant ancient literature， including 35 ancient TCM books， were collected based on a systematic collation of relevant historic and modern literature. Results showed that "Qingfeitang" was originated from the "Renshen Qingfeitang" recorded in the Taiping Holy Prescriptions for Universal Relief from the Qing dynasty. The name of "Qinfeitang" was first recorded in the Yeshi Luyanfang written by YE Dalian in the Song dynasty. We suggested the modern dosage and usage of Qingfeitang as follows： "Scutellariae Radix of 5.60 g， Platycodon grandiflora， Poria， Tangerine， Fritillaria， and Cortex Mori of 3.73 g respectively， Angelicae Sinensis Radix， Asparagi Radix， Gardeniae Fructus， Armeniacae Semen Amarum， and Ophiopogonis Radix of 2.61 g respectively， Schisandra of 1 g， and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma of 1.12 g， and they were taken 3 times daily. The above formula is recommended to be decocted with 400 mL of water， with 3.37 g ginger and 6 g jujubae fructus， to 320 mL， and taken after a meal， three times per day". Qingfeitang has the effect of resolving phlegm to stop cough and producing fluid to moisten dryness， specialized in treating cough， asthma， rash， and other symptoms in ancient times. Modern applications are mainly focused on the respiratory system， used for treating diseases such as bronchopneumonia and cough. The above research results provide a reference basis for the later development and research of Qingfeitang.

Objective To establish a coronavirus(CoV)infection model using human nasal mucosa organoids for testing antiviral drugs and evaluate the feasibility of using human nasal mucosa organoids with viral infection as platforms for viral research and antiviral drug development.Methods Human nasal mucosa organoids were tested for susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 pseudoviruses.In a P3 laboratory,nasal mucosa organoids were infected with the original strain of SARS-CoV-2 and 4 variant strains,and the infection conditions were optimized.The viral loads in the culture supernatants were measured at different time points using RT-qPCR,and immunofluorescence assay was employed to localize SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to determine the type of the infected cells.In the optimized nasal mucosa viral infection model,the antiviral effects of camostat and bergamot extract(which were known to inhibit SARS-CoV-2)were tested and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored.Results In the optimized nasal mucosa organoid models infected with SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 pseudoviruses,the viral load in the culture supernatants increased significantly during the period of 2 to 24 h following the infection,which confirmed infection of the organoids by both of the pseudoviruses.The nasal mucosa organoids could be stably infected by the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and its 4 variant strains,validating successful establishment of the viral infection model,in which both camostat and bergamot extract exhibited dose-dependent antiviral effects.Conclusions Human nasal mucosa organoids with SARS-CoV-2 infection can serve as platforms for screening and testing antiviral drugs,particularly those intended for nasal administration.

Objective To establish a coronavirus(CoV)infection model using human nasal mucosa organoids for testing antiviral drugs and evaluate the feasibility of using human nasal mucosa organoids with viral infection as platforms for viral research and antiviral drug development.Methods Human nasal mucosa organoids were tested for susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 pseudoviruses.In a P3 laboratory,nasal mucosa organoids were infected with the original strain of SARS-CoV-2 and 4 variant strains,and the infection conditions were optimized.The viral loads in the culture supernatants were measured at different time points using RT-qPCR,and immunofluorescence assay was employed to localize SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to determine the type of the infected cells.In the optimized nasal mucosa viral infection model,the antiviral effects of camostat and bergamot extract(which were known to inhibit SARS-CoV-2)were tested and the underlying molecular mechanisms were explored.Results In the optimized nasal mucosa organoid models infected with SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 pseudoviruses,the viral load in the culture supernatants increased significantly during the period of 2 to 24 h following the infection,which confirmed infection of the organoids by both of the pseudoviruses.The nasal mucosa organoids could be stably infected by the original SARS-CoV-2 strain and its 4 variant strains,validating successful establishment of the viral infection model,in which both camostat and bergamot extract exhibited dose-dependent antiviral effects.Conclusions Human nasal mucosa organoids with SARS-CoV-2 infection can serve as platforms for screening and testing antiviral drugs,particularly those intended for nasal administration.

Objective To explore the effects of image registration using various regions of interest(ROI)on the setup error for nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)patients who were immobilized individually.Methods Forty-three NPC patients who required radiotherapy were enrolled.The patients were immobilized with customized plastic foam and thermoplastic mask,and CBCT verification was performed once a week.In CBCT images,ROI was divided into the whole ROI(ROIPTV)and 7 local ROI containing different cervical structures(ROIsphenoid sinus,ROIatlantoaxial,ROIneck3,ROIneck4,ROIneck5,ROIneck6,and ROIneck7),which were then used for registrations with localized CT image.The setup errors in superior-inferior(SI),left-right(LR),anterior-posterior(AP),Pitch,Roll,and Yaw directions were recorded.Results In SI direction,the setup errors within 0.3 cm accounted for 89.74%for ROIneck7,and more than 90%for the other ROI.The proportion of setup errors within 0.3 cm gradually increased with the neck upward in LR direction,and they were 76.78%,81.70%,85.26%,and above 90%for ROIneck7,ROIneck6,ROIneck5,and the other ROI,respectively.In AP direction,the proportions of setup errors within 0.3 cm were less than 90%,except for ROIatlantoaxial and ROIneck3.The setup errors of ROIsphenoid sinus,ROIatlantoaxial,ROIneck3,and ROIneck4 were significantly positively correlated with ROIPTV in SI direction,and the correlation coefficients(R)were 0.94,0.95,0.90,and 0.83,respectively.In LR direction,there were positive correlations between the setup errors of ROIatlantoaxial and ROIsphenoid sinus(R=0.95),ROIneck3 and ROIsphenoid sinus(R=0.91),ROIPTV and ROIneck3(R=0.91).The setup errors of ROIPTV in AP direction were positively correlated with ROIatlantoaxial vertebrae and ROIneck3(R=0.88,0.90).The margins of all ROIs ranged from 0.38 cm to 1.01 cm.The extension of ROIneck6 and ROIneck7 in AP direction exceeded 0.9 cm,and the extension of ROIneck7 reached 0.95 cm in SI direction.Conclusion ROIPTV and ROIsphenoid sinus,ROIatlantoaxial,ROIneck3 are significantly correlated in SI,LR,and AP directions.The setup error of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients gradually increases with the neck down.The nasopharyngeal and cervical regions need to be expanded in segments when patients are immobilized individually.

Daochisan is a pediatric famous classical formula in traditional Chinese medicine（TCM） specializing in clearing the heart， disinhibiting water and enriching Yin， which has been inherited and developed by medical experts of successive generations. The formula can be traced back to Xiaoer Yaozheng Zhijue written by QIAN Yi from Song dynasty， and most of the later-developed Daochisan（Daochitang） is based on this formula with additions and subtractions. So as to promote the literature excavation of this formula， this paper conducts a thorough textual research and analysis of the composition， processing， preparation methods， clinical applications of Daochisan based on a systematic collation of relevant ancient and modern literature in the method of bibliometrics. A total of 127 pieces of data involving 86 antient TCM books were collected. Statistical analysis showed that the drug origin of Daochisan is basically clear， we suggest that Rehmanniae Radix is the root tuber of Rehmannia glutinosa of Scrophulariaceae， Akebiae Caulis is the dry stem of Akebia quinata of Lardizabalaceae， Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma is the dry root and stem of Glycyrrhiza uralensis of legume， bamboo leaf is the dry leaves of Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis of gramineous plants. Four herbs are recommended to use its raw products. The key information of the dosage and decocting method is supposed to be "4.13 g each of raw Rehmanniae Radix， raw Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， Akebiae Caulis， adding 300 mL of water， and then adding 4.13 g of bamboo leaf， decocting together to 150 mL， taking warmly after meal". Daochisan has the effect of clearing the heart and enriching Yin， disinhibiting water and relieving stranguria， and is widely used in treating symptoms such as heart vexed hotness， hydrodipsia and reddish complexion. Modern studies have showed that Daochisan are frequently used in treating oral ulcer， herpetic stomatitis， urinary tract infection， herpes zoster and other diseases. The above research results can provide scientific reference for the future development and research of Daochisan.

This paper discussed the historic evolution of Juanbitang and similar decoctions， clarified the historic development of Yangshi Juanbitang and Chengshi Juanbitang， and probed into the key information of the meaning， original plants， processing methods， and modern dosage and usage of Chengshi Juanbitang. A total of 267 pieces of relevant information were collected from ancient traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） books， among which 53 pieces of effective data were included in this study. The results showed that both Chenshi Juanbitang and Yangshi Juanbitang were originated from Duhuo Jishengtang recoded in the Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency （Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang）. According to the standard of "1 qian roughly equals 3.73 g" in the measurement system of the Qing Dynasty， we suggest Chenshi Juanbitang is composed of 3.73 g Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix， 3.73 g Angelicae Pubescentis Radix， 3.73 g Gentianae Macrophyllae Radix， 11.19 g Angelicae Sinensis Radix， 11.19 g Mori Ramulus， 2.61 g Chuanxiong Rhizoma， 1.87 g Cinnamomi Cortex， 1.87 g stir-fried Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma， 7.46 g Piperis Kadsurae Caulis， 2.98 g Olibanum， and 2.98 g Aucklandiae Radix， which should be decocted with 600 mL water to reach a volume of 300 mL. The decoction should be taken 3 times a day before meals. Juanbitang， a classical formula specialized for treating impediment diseases， has the effects of dispelling wind， removing dryness， and alleviating impediment to relieve pain. It can be used for treating vexing pain in body， spasm of nape and back， and heaviness in waists and legs. Modern studies have shown that Juanbitang can be used for treating rheumatoid arthritis， knee osteoarthritis， and periarthritis of shoulder. The above results served as a reference for the future development of Juanbitang.

Objective To study the effectiveness of a management model based on the standards proposed by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of International Healthcare Organizations(JCI)in preventing disputes and investigate its impact on patient satisfaction.Methods A total of 102 patients between March 2022 to March 2024 were enrolled in the study.They were randomly divided into JCI standard group(n=51)and conventional group(n=51)using the random number method.The con-ventional group received the conventional management,while the JCI standard group followed the management based on the JCI standard.Occurrence of dispute events,patient satisfaction levels,management quality,and negative emotions before and after treatment were compared between the two groups.Results The total incidence of dispute events in JCI standard group was sig-nificantly lower than that in conventional group(1.96％vs 13.73％,P＜0.05).The JCI standard group scored significantly higher in satisfactions with all items(all P＜0.05)as well as in management quality(all P＜0.05)compared to the convention-al group.Following treatment,negative emotion scores decreased in both groups compared to pre-treatment,with the JCI standard group showing significantly lower scores than the conventional group(all P＜0.05).Conclusion Implementing the management model based on JCI standard notably can reduce the number of disputes,enhance patient satisfaction,improve management quali-ty,and alleviate negative emotions among patients.

This article introduced the policy background and the development of administration standards on drug electronic certificate,analyzed the current status and main problems of electronic certificate standards for drug regulation,elaborated the process of formulating standards,and explained the main contents of the standards.Combined with the application status of the standards,this paper offered suggestions to optimize and improve the standards.It provided guidance for local drug administration agencies to implement electronic certificates,and offered a foundation for the interoperability and mutual recognition of drug administration electronic certificates throughout the country.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of 3D printed bolus with specific density in breast cancer radiotherapy,and to evaluate its effects on dose distribution and positioning.Methods Forty post-mastectomy patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy were randomly enrolled for 3D printed bolus(n=20)and conventional bolus(n=20),and all patients were fixed in the supine position using styrofoam.Conventional positioning was performed based on in-room lasers and body markers,with daily Catalyst HD optical surface monitoring combined with weekly CBCT verification.The absolute dose,patients'skin surface dose,surgical incision,planned field,target area doses(VCTV50Gy,VPTV50Gy)and organs-at-risk doses in patients with different boluses were recorded,and the conformity index and homogeneity index were calculated,and the setup errors using CBCT and Catalyst HD were also analyzed.Results The difference in absolute dose between different boluses was trivial,but the skin surface dose with 3D printed bolus was significantly higher than with conventional bolus[(54.83±0.44)Gyvs(54.43±0.51)Gy,P<0.05].Patients with 3D printed boluses had a higher conformity index than with conventional boluses(0.69±0.04 vs 0.65±0.02).For different boluses,there was no significant difference in VCTV50 Gy,while the VPTV50 Gy and organs-at-risk doses were lower in those with 3D printed bolus than conventional boluses(P<0.05),with heart Vmean of 9.68%±3.24%vs11.43%±3.60%.In patients with 3D printed boluses,both planned field arrangement and surgical incision affected the target doses,and the doses of the target area without an internal breast wrap was greater than those with internal breast wrap(P<0.05).When the field was not wrapped around the internal breast,the surgical incisions only affected VPTV50 Gy,and the VPTV50 Gy was greater with the transverse fusiform incision than with the oblique vertical incision(P<0.05),which were 95.58%±0.51%vs95.44%±0.71%.The optical monitoring accuracies with different boluses differed only in the left-right direction(P<0.05),with(0.08±0.57)cm and(-0.15±0.46)cm for 3D printed and conventional boluses.Conclusion Compared with conventional bolus,3D printed bolus can improve dose distribution and optical monitoring accuracy.The surgical incision and planned field arrangement under 3D-printed bolus would exert effects on target doses.

Objective:To evaluate the status of T, B and NK lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection and low-level viremia after nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA) treatment and to provide ideas for solving low-level viremia.Methods:This retrospective study involved 344 patients with chronic HBV infection who had been treated with NAs. They were divided into two groups: low-level viremia group (LLV group) and complete virological response group (CVR group). Clinical data including basic information, biochemistry and coagulation test results, HBV DNA, peripheral blood lymphocyte counts, PD1 and CD28 expression by T lymphocytes, and perforin and granzyme B expression by NK lymphocytes were collected and compared between the two groups. Propensity matching analysis was performed to verify the accuracy of the results.Results:Among the 344 cases, 162 were in the LLV group and 182 in the CVR group. There were no significant differences in disease diagnosis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or albumin (ALB) level between the two groups ( P>0.05), but the differences in gender and age were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The differences in the counts and percentages of peripheral blood CD3 +, CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocyte and CD4 + /CD8 + ratios between the two groups were not statistically significant ( P>0.05), but the expression of PD1 and CD28 by peripheral blood CD3 +, CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes was higher in the LLV group than in the CVR group ( P<0.05). The count of peripheral blood CD19 + B lymphocytes in the LLV group was higher than that in the CVR group ( P>0.05), and the percentage of peripheral blood CD19 + B lymphocytes was also higher in the LLV group ( P<0.05). The count of peripheral blood CD16 + CD56 + NK lymphocytes and the expression of perforin in the LLV group were lower than those in the CVR group ( P>0.05). The percentage of peripheral blood CD16 + CD56 + NK lymphocytes and the expression of granzyme B in the LLV group were lower than those in the CVR group ( P<0.05). After propensity score matching, 108 cases in the LLV group and 108 cases in the CVR group showed no significant differences in basic information ( P>0.05); the percentage of CD4 + T lymphocytes and CD4 + /CD8 + ratio in peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets were higher in the LLV group than in the CVR group, while the percentage of CD8 + lymphocytes was lower in the LLV group ( P<0.05); the expression of PD1 and CD28 by CD3 +, CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes remained higher in the LLV group ( P<0.05); the differences in the counts and percentages of peripheral blood CD19 + B lymphocytes as well as CD16 + CD56 + NK lymphocytes between the two groups were not statistically significant ( P>0.05); no significant difference in the expression of perforin by CD16 + CD56 + NK lymphocytes was found between the two groups ( P>0.05), and the expression of granzyme B remained lower in the LLV group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Abnormal number and function of T lymphocytes and decreased function of NK lymphocytes might be related to the development of LLV in patients with chronic HBV infection after treatment. Therefore, in addition to adjusting NAs, targeting of T and NK lymphocytes might also be a feasible measure for future LLV treatment.