It is of great significance to maintain personal dignity of human organ donors.There are three problems that may exist in the human organ donation.At the stage of registration,the potential donors may face family kidnapping;at the terminal stage,living with dignity for the donors is difficult to guarantee;at the post-donation stage,there is lack of humane care for the remains of donors and their close relatives.Aiming at the above problems,this paper made an analysis from the theoretical aspect and put forward three ethical principles:the principle of autonomy,respect and humanitarianism.

.This study is to investigate the analgesic effect produced by intrathecal injection (ith) of oxysophoridine (OSR) and the mechanism of GABAA receptor. Warm water tail-flick test was used to detect the analgesic effect of OSR (12.5, 6.25, and 3.13 mg.kg-1 ith) and to observe the influence of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) agonist or antagonist on the analgesic effect of OSR in mice. Immunohistochemistry method were used to detect the influence of OSR (12.5 mg.kg-1, ith) on the GABAARalpha1 protein expression in spinal cord. The results obtained covers that OSR (12.5 and 6.25 mg.kg-, ith) alleviates pain significantly with the warm water tail-flick test (P<0.05, P<0.01), the rate of pain threshold increases by 68.45%; GABA and muscimol (MUS) produces analgesic synergism together with the OSR, picrotoxin (PTX) and bicuculline (BIC) antagonize the analgesic effect of OSR; OSR (12.5 mg.kg-1, ith) significantly increase the positive number of GABAARalpha1 nerve cell in spinal cord (P<0.01) and significantly decrease the average grey levels (P<0.01). In conclusion, OSR intrathecal injection has significant analgesic effect. And GABAA receptor in spinal cord is involved in the analgesic mechanism.

Objective To observe the effects of Tanshinone Ⅱ A sodium sulfonate (TSS ) on ischemia/reperfusion (I /R) induced cardiac injury in male (Sprague-Dawley,SD ) and explore its mechanisms.Methods Rats were subjected to a 30 min coronary arterial occlusion followed by 24 hours reperfusion.The survival rats were randomly (random number)divided into sham group (Sham group,n =10),ischemia reperfusion group (I /R group,n =10),low dose of TSS group (TSS-L group,n =10), medium dose of TSS group (TSS-Mgroup,n =9),high dose of TSS group (TSS-H group,n =9).A MAP heart function analysis system was used to measure hemodynamic variables,and TTC staining method was used to detect the myocardial infarct size.The levels of Bcl-2,Bax,Caspase-3,Lc3B/Lc3A,Beclin-1 and high mobility group box1 (HMGB1)were detected by western blot method.All data were analyzed by using One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)(LSD-t test).Results Cardiac function in I /R group was lower than that in Sham group,and that was significantly improved by pretreated with TSS (P <0.05),but there were no significant differences in Pmin and DAP between Sham group and I /R group (P >0.05 ).The percentage of myocardial infarct size in TSS pretreatment group was significantly smaller than that in I /R group (P <0.05 ).Compared with Sham group,levels of Caspase-3 and Bax increased,and the Bcl-2 content was reduced obviously in I /R group (P <0.05).TSS pretreatment significantly down-regulated the levels of Caspase-3 and Bax protein (P <0.01).At the same time,the level of Bcl-2 was increased in all TSS pretreatment groups (P <0.01).Compared with Sham group,the ratio of Bcl-2 /Bax in I /R group was lower (P <0.05),and that was elevated in TSS groups (P <0.05 ).The change of autophagy related protein beclin-1 and Lc3B/Lc3A was in similar trend,and the levels of beclin-1 and Lc3B/Lc3A in I /R group were lower than that in Sham group (P <0.05),and those were raised in TSS pretreatment groups (P<0.05).The level of HMGB1 in I /R group was higher than that in Sham group (P <0.05),and compared with I /R group,the level of HMGB1 significantly decreased in TSS pretreatment groups (P <0.01 ). Conclusions The tanshinone ⅡA sodium sulfonate can protect the myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion injury and the mechanism may be attributed to the inhibition of cell apoptosis and activation of cell autophagy.

Objective To improve the diagnosis and treatment of upper urinary tract hematuria. Methods A total of 121 patients with hematuria who had undergone B-utrasonography,KUB plus IVU,CT and cystoscopy were suspected of hematuria from upper urinary tract.For these cases ureterorenoscopy was performed to establish the diagnosis and to conduct specific therapies. Results The diagnostic accordance rate was 92%(111/121).Among these cases,ureteral small stones in middle and lower segments were found in 45 cases;renal pelvis and ureteral tumors in 32 cases;renal hemorrhagic diseases in 19 cases and ureteral polyps in 15 cases.19 cases who had renal hemorrhagic diseases and 10 who had no definite lesions received specific therapies were followed up for 6 to 8 months.The long-term successful rate was 79%(23/29). Conclusions The application of ureterorenoscopy for the management of upper urinary tract hematuria is quite effective and worthy of widespread application.

Objective To assess the clinical value of measuring the concentration of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) in detecting the bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer. Methods The concentration of serum OPG in 40 patients was determined by ELISA. The data of ECT bone scan and Gleason score was collected simultaneously. The correlations between serum OPG and bone metastases, Gleason score were tested. Results The concentration of serum OPG in patients with bone metastases by ECT scan was( 16 237. 19 ±5144. 26) ng/L,which was significantly higher than the concentration in patients without bone metastases , which was (12 123.32 ±4136. 50)ng/L. There was no significant correlation between serum OPG and Gleason score. Conclusions The serum OPG has an important clinical value in prediction of prostate cancer with bone metastases. There is no significant correlation between serum OPG and the Gleason score.

Objective To evaluate the value of renal parenchymal volume and thickness by non-contrast spiral CT in evaluating the differential glomerular filtration rate (GFR) for chronic obstructed kidneys, and to compare the correlations between the two morphologic indices of renal parenchyma and the GFR for chronic obstructed kidneys. Methods Seventy-one patients who had a diagnosis of unilateral chronic upper urinary tract obstruction were included in this analysis. (1) The renal parenchymal volume was mea-sured by non-contrast spiral CT. Both kidneys were scanned by non-contrast spiral CT. The renal parenchymal area of each section was marked manually. Renal parenchymal volume was calculated as the sum of renal parenchymal area multiplied by the width of each section. The volume percentage of obstructed kidney (%CTvol) was also calculated. (2) Renal parenchymal thickness was measured on the first and last non-contrast CT image levels from the anterior, posterior and lateral locations of the kidney that clearly contained the collecting system. The mean of these measurements was defined as the renal parenchymal thickness. The differential renal parenchymal thickness of the obstructed kidney (%CTt) was defined as the percentage of the obstructed renal parenchymal thickness to the total renal parenchymal thickness for both kidneys. GFR was determined with 99Tcm-DTPA dynamic imaging system by Gates method. The differential GFR for obstructed kidney (%GFR) was the GFR percentage of obstructed kidney to the total GFR for both kidneys. The Pearson relation test was carried out between the %CTvol, %CTt and the %GFR respectively. Results %CTvol and %CTt correlated well with %GFR in chronic obstructed kidneys among the 71 test group patients. Pearson correlation coefficient r was 0.80 (t=11.20, P＜0.05) and 0.66 (t=7.24, P＜0.05), respectively. The linear correlation equation respectively was %GFR=0.05+0.80×%CTvol (F=125.48, P＜0.05) and %GFR=0.12+0.66×%CTt (F=52.36, P＜0.05). Conclusions Renal parenchymal volume and thickness by non-contrast spiral CT might be used as clinical practical parameters to evaluate the differential GFR for chronic obstructed kidneys. Renal parenchymal volume is more accurate than renal parenchymal thickness.

Objective To search for the genetic and molecular immunity basis of CXCR-1 associated pathogenesis in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Methods Sequencing analysis was used to detect mutation in the exonic, junctional and promoter sequences of CXCR-1 which might be related with ankylosing spondylitis; the hydrophobicity, conservation and evolutionary distance of the mutated amino acids were also analyzed. Results Six affected individuals in the family were detected with a novel mutation Arg192Gly. The glycine at 192 codon was highly conserved in different species. Arginine and glycine had quite distinct hydrophobicity and BLOSUM score. Conclusion The mutation CXCR-1 (Arg192Gly) detected in these patients might be involved in genetic and molecular immunity mechnisms of ankylosing spondylitis.

Objective To investigate the approach and safety of minimally invasive surgical procedures treating symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi. Methods Clinical data of 21 cases with symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi were retrospectively reviewed. Twelve females and 9 males aged 22 to 57 years old. The average diameter of caliceal diverticulum was 3.7 cm (2.5-7.0 cm) and average diameter of calculi was 2.3 cm (0.8-3.5 cm). The patients underwent flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy, PCNL or mPCNL, laparoscopic techniques and laparoscopy-assisted transperitoneal PCNL, respectively. Four cases underwent flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy. PCNL (2 cases) or mPCNL(5 cases)were performed in 7 cases. Nine cases underwent laparoscopic techniques. Laparoscopyassisted transperitoneal PCNL was performed in 1 case. Results The operations were performed successfully in 21 cases. No case need to transfer to open surgery during the operation and no major complications like perforation or organic injury were noted. One case with iatrogenic arteriovenous fistula of the kidney after 1 week postoperative was cured by delayed hemorrhage 2 days later, while clinical symptoms of 2 cases with residue calculi relieved. 19 cases without residue calculi were followed up for 6 to 12 month without recurrence. Conclusions After handling indication of treatment efficiently and creating advisable therapeutic decision-making, minimally invasive surgical procedures treating symptomatic caliceal diverticular calculi appears to be effective and safe.

Objective To evaluate the effect of transurethral feedback microwave thermotherapy with the ProstaLund CoreTherm Device(PLFT) in high risk patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). Methods Sixty-six high risk patients diagnosed with BPH, including aged ≥80 in 32 pa-tients, hypertension in 31 patients, diabetes in 5 patients, heart failure in 8 patients, chronic obstruc-tive pulmonary disease in 8 patients, cerebral infarction in 11 patients, fracture, amputation or joint stiffness unsuitable for lithotomy position in 3 patients, abnormal blood coagulation in 4 patients, pan-creatitis in 2 patients, cardiac arrhythmia in 6 patients and malignant tumor in 3 patients, were treated with PLFT using individual power at urethral local anesthesia, resulting in coagulation necrosis in 15%-30% of prostate tissue around urethra. Meanwhile, real-time monitoring the temperature of prostate and the tissue around it was used. All patients were evaluated by comparing volume of pros-tate, maximal urinary flow (Q_max), international prostate symptom score (IPSS) and quality of life questionnaire (QOL) in pre-treatment and three months after respectively. Results All of patients well tolerated PLFT. There was bleeding lightly, infection lightly and temporary incontinence. There was no severe surgical complication. After three months, the volume of prostate reduced from 62. 2 ml to 44.5 ml; IPSS decreased from 23. 4 to 11.7; QOL decreased from 4.5 to 2.4; Q_max rised from 4, 2 ml/s to 11.2 ml/s. All differences reached significance. Conclusion PLFT is one of effective and safe treatments for patients with BPH especial BPH complicating with severe conditions.

[Abstract] Objective To define the age-specific normal reference values of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and related parameters in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men.Methods From April 2007 to November 2011,serum PSAs of over 22 055 men aged more than 40 years old in our medical examination center were statistically analyzed.The men was divided into five groups by a 10-year-old interval.Total PSA (tPSA),free PSA (fPSA) and prostate ultrasound results were recorded.The free-total PSA ratio (f/t),PSA density (PSAD) and PSA velocity (PSAV) were calculated.By convention,the 95th percentile (P95)was used as the upper limit value,and the 5th percentile (P5) as the lower limit value.Results The tPSAs were positively correlated with age (r=0.349,P＜0.001).f/t was negatively correlated with age (r=-0.154,P＜0.01).Although f/t was significantly different (P＜0.001) among each age group,P5 of all groups were 0.18.PSAD was significantly different (P＜0.001) between men over and under 70 years,with P95 as 0.09 and 0.15,respectively.PSAD had a positive correlation with age (r =0.263,P＜0.01).The significant difference of PSAV raised between men over and under 60 years,with P95 as 0.21 and 0.58,respectively.PSAV was positively correlated with age (r=0.130,P＜0.01).Conclusions PSA,PSAD and PSAV are positively correlated with age,while f/t is negatively correlated with age.The normal range of f/tis 0.18-1.00 for Chinese men over 40 years old.PSAD's normal ranges are ＜0.09 and ＜0.15 in Chinese men over and under 70 years,respectively.The normal range of PSAV are ＜0.21 and ＜0.58 for Chinese men over and under 60 years,respectively.