The defensive medical treatment can be classified both into the field of medical sciences, as well as the ethical and legal circle. This article, starting from the concept and historical changes of the defensive medical treatment, deeply discusses, in combination with the basic principles in medical ethics and jurisprudence, the reason why the defensive medical treatment originated and evolutes. Furthermore, some suggestions and solutions, based on relevant medical legislations, the enhancement of physicians' professional ethical standards and the establishment of the hospital's internal supervision mechanism, are put forward for the legislative bodies, the medical service providers and governments on how to reduce the defensive medical treatment. In achieving this goal, of course, we can not ignore the positive role of the general public.

It is of great significance to maintain personal dignity of human organ donors.There are three problems that may exist in the human organ donation.At the stage of registration,the potential donors may face family kidnapping;at the terminal stage,living with dignity for the donors is difficult to guarantee;at the post-donation stage,there is lack of humane care for the remains of donors and their close relatives.Aiming at the above problems,this paper made an analysis from the theoretical aspect and put forward three ethical principles:the principle of autonomy,respect and humanitarianism.

This paper analyzed the current survival status of mentally disabled person:hard family living condi-tions, lack of equal employment opportunity, and in isolation for a long time. Based on the perspective of law and ethics, it puts forward to strengthen the legislative work, establish and improve the supervision mechanism, perfect the judicial procedure of right remedy for mentally disabled in the view of legal. It should be guided by the ethical thought, set up ethical morality that respect, concern, care for the mentally disabled, construct barrier-free humanity environment, and realize a series of measures that the mentally disabled could participate in society in the view of ethics, to further improve the environment for the mentally disabled, to maintain their legitimate rights and interests, and to safeguard the realization of life value and social value for the mentally disabled.

Due to the special nature of mental patients and psychiatric drugs,we have to recruit mental patients as subjects in psychiatric drug clinical trials.In the process of the experiments,there exist ethical problems.For example,the right of life and health is threatened,the informed consent is insufficient,and the privacy of the subjects cannot be protected.This paper ethically analyzed them,explored the ethical principles,and proposed some objective and feasible countermeasures,in order to promote the development of medicine and health care and protect the rights of mental patients in psychotropic drug clinical trials.

Objective To study the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL-23R gene in Chinese Han population with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Methods SNPs rs11209026, rs1343151, rs11209032 and another three SNPs near them based on their physical distances were genotyped by PCR-directed sequencing. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, genotypes and allele frequency analysis were analyzed by SPSS 13.0. Linkage disequilibrium and haplotype analysis were carried out by SHEsis software. Results The difference of genotypes of rs11209032 and the difference of genotypes and allele frequencies of rs6677188 between patients and controls were statistically significant (P＜O.01) ; The two SNPs rs11209032 and rs6677188 had strong linkage disequlibfium (D'=0.925, r2=0.561 ). Haplotype analysis had shown a higher proportion of GAC haplotype in patients and a higher proportion of GTC haplotype in controls. Conclusion These results suggest that IL-23R polymorphisms is associated with susceptibility to AS in Chinese Han population and IL-23R gene may be a susceptible gene of AS.

Objective To search for the genetic and molecular immunity basis of CXCR-1 associated pathogenesis in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients. Methods Sequencing analysis was used to detect mutation in the exonic, junctional and promoter sequences of CXCR-1 which might be related with ankylosing spondylitis; the hydrophobicity, conservation and evolutionary distance of the mutated amino acids were also analyzed. Results Six affected individuals in the family were detected with a novel mutation Arg192Gly. The glycine at 192 codon was highly conserved in different species. Arginine and glycine had quite distinct hydrophobicity and BLOSUM score. Conclusion The mutation CXCR-1 (Arg192Gly) detected in these patients might be involved in genetic and molecular immunity mechnisms of ankylosing spondylitis.

Off-label drug use to some extent meets the clinical medication,achieves the most needed treat-ment of patients and promotes the development of medicine,but there exists certain risks at the same time.Through the analysis of the phenomenon of off-label drug use,from the perspective of medical ethics,this paper proposed that it should adhere to the principles of beneficence and respect,specifically,correcting the motives of off-label drug use,strict review of supporting evidence,ensuring patient's informed consent,strengthening ethical review andintroducing the insurance sharing mechanism,so as to achieve both the guarantee of patient's medication safety and the aversion of medical personnel's practice risks.

Objective To validate the discriminatory capacity of the new ankylosing spondylitis disease activity scores (ASDAS) in Chinese ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients, and assess its clinical value. Method One hundred and twenty-nine patients with AS was included in the study, in which 87 were par-ticipat clinical trials with Etanercept (n=87) and 42 were participants of clinical trails with. The disease activity and treatment effecticacy were assessed by ASDAS, BASDAI and patient global assessment. Discriminatory ability of all the measures was analyzed as standardized mean difference (SMD) and (-score. Pearson's correlation, two indepen -dent samples t test and simple linear regression model were used for statistical analysis. Result The four ASDAS scores correlated well with patient global assessment (r=0.56～0.74), ESR (r=0.50～0.80) and CRP (r=0.50～0.69) both at baseline and the changes form baseline to 6 weeks after treatment. The four ASDAS outperformed BASDAI, patient global assessment, ESR and CRP in differentiating patients with different levels of disease activity and patients with different levels of change. There was little difference in performance between the four ASDAS versions. Conclusion The four ASDAS are highly discriminatory in evaluating the disease activity and the efficacy of drugs in Chinese AS patients, showing a significant value in clinical practice.