Objectives: This study investigates the mediating effects of sleep quality and depression on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit among psychiatric patients. Methods: A total of 189 psychiatric patients completed questionnaires on PTSD symptom severity by using the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised; they answered questions on sleep quality based on the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and answered questions on depression based on the Korean-Beck Depression Inventory-II. They were also tested to measure inhibitory control deficit by using the Stroop Task. Regression analysis and the bootstrap sampling method were conducted for data analyses. Results: The major findings of this study are as follows. First, PTSD symptom severity predicted inhibitory control deficit. Secondly, depression significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit, but did not affect sleep quality. Lastly, the sequential mediating effect of sleep quality and depression was significant in the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit. Conclusion These results suggest that sleep quality and depression should be considered in the pathway from PTSD symptom severity leading to inhibitory control deficit. Therefore, addressing sleep quality and depression in PTSD intervention may help prevent the development of inhibitory control deficit.

Objectives: This study investigates the mediating effects of sleep quality and depression on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit among psychiatric patients. Methods: A total of 189 psychiatric patients completed questionnaires on PTSD symptom severity by using the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised; they answered questions on sleep quality based on the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and answered questions on depression based on the Korean-Beck Depression Inventory-II. They were also tested to measure inhibitory control deficit by using the Stroop Task. Regression analysis and the bootstrap sampling method were conducted for data analyses. Results: The major findings of this study are as follows. First, PTSD symptom severity predicted inhibitory control deficit. Secondly, depression significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit, but did not affect sleep quality. Lastly, the sequential mediating effect of sleep quality and depression was significant in the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit. Conclusion These results suggest that sleep quality and depression should be considered in the pathway from PTSD symptom severity leading to inhibitory control deficit. Therefore, addressing sleep quality and depression in PTSD intervention may help prevent the development of inhibitory control deficit.

Objectives: This study investigates the mediating effects of sleep quality and depression on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit among psychiatric patients. Methods: A total of 189 psychiatric patients completed questionnaires on PTSD symptom severity by using the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised; they answered questions on sleep quality based on the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and answered questions on depression based on the Korean-Beck Depression Inventory-II. They were also tested to measure inhibitory control deficit by using the Stroop Task. Regression analysis and the bootstrap sampling method were conducted for data analyses. Results: The major findings of this study are as follows. First, PTSD symptom severity predicted inhibitory control deficit. Secondly, depression significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit, but did not affect sleep quality. Lastly, the sequential mediating effect of sleep quality and depression was significant in the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit. Conclusion These results suggest that sleep quality and depression should be considered in the pathway from PTSD symptom severity leading to inhibitory control deficit. Therefore, addressing sleep quality and depression in PTSD intervention may help prevent the development of inhibitory control deficit.

Objectives: This study investigates the mediating effects of sleep quality and depression on the relationship between post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit among psychiatric patients. Methods: A total of 189 psychiatric patients completed questionnaires on PTSD symptom severity by using the Korean version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised; they answered questions on sleep quality based on the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and answered questions on depression based on the Korean-Beck Depression Inventory-II. They were also tested to measure inhibitory control deficit by using the Stroop Task. Regression analysis and the bootstrap sampling method were conducted for data analyses. Results: The major findings of this study are as follows. First, PTSD symptom severity predicted inhibitory control deficit. Secondly, depression significantly mediated the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit, but did not affect sleep quality. Lastly, the sequential mediating effect of sleep quality and depression was significant in the relationship between PTSD symptom severity and inhibitory control deficit. Conclusion These results suggest that sleep quality and depression should be considered in the pathway from PTSD symptom severity leading to inhibitory control deficit. Therefore, addressing sleep quality and depression in PTSD intervention may help prevent the development of inhibitory control deficit.

The inner ear is composed of a cochlear duct and five vestibular organs in which mechanosensory hair cells play critical roles in receiving and relaying sound and balance signals to the brain. To identify novel genes associated with hair cell differentiation or function, we analyzed an archived gene expression dataset from embryonic mouse inner ear tissues. Since atonal homolog 1a (Atoh1) is a well known factor required for hair cell differentiation, we searched for genes expressed in a similar pattern with Atoh1 during inner ear development. The list from our analysis includes many genes previously reported to be involved in hair cell differentiation such as Myo6, Tecta, Myo7a, Cdh23, Atp6v1b1, and Gfi1. In addition, we identified many other genes that have not been associated with hair cell differentiation, including Tekt2, Spag6, Smpx, Lmod1, Myh7b, Kif9, Ttyh1, Scn11a and Cnga2. We examined expression patterns of some of the newly identified genes using real-time polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. For example, Smpx and Tekt2, which are regulators for cytoskeletal dynamics, were shown specifically expressed in the hair cells, suggesting a possible role in hair cell differentiation or function. Here, by reanalyzing archived genetic profiling data, we identified a list of novel genes possibly involved in hair cell differentiation.
Animals ; Brain ; Cell Differentiation ; Cochlear Duct ; Ear, Inner ; Gene Expression ; Hair ; In Situ Hybridization ; Mice ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

Anthocyanins are water soluble plant pigments which are responsible for the blue, red, pink, violet colors in several plant organs such as flowers, fruits, leaves and roots. In recent years, anthocyanin-rich foods have been favored as dietary supplements and health care products due to diverse biological activities of anthocyanins including antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and preventing cardiovascular disease. High-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) coupled with reversed-phase medium pressure liquid chromatography (RP MPLC) method was applied for the rapid and efficient isolation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) from black rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae). The crude black rice extract (500 mg) was subjected to HPCCC using two-phase solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (TBME/B/A/0.01% TFA, 1 : 3 : 1 : 5, v/v, flow rate - 4.5 mL/min, reversed phase mode) to give enriched anthocyanin extract (37.4 mg), and enriched anthocyanin extract was sequentially chromatographed on RP-MPLC to yield C3G (16.5 mg) and P3G (8.7 mg). The recovery rate and purity of isolated C3G were 76.0% and 98.2%, respectively, and those of P3G were 58.3% and 96.3%, respectively. The present study indicates that HPCCC coupled with RP-MPLC method is more rapid and efficient than multi-step conventional column chromatography for the separation of anthocyanins.
Anthocyanins ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Chromatography* ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Countercurrent Distribution* ; Delivery of Health Care ; Dietary Supplements ; Flowers ; Fruit ; Plants ; Trifluoroacetic Acid ; Viola

Diospyros burmanica Kurz. is an evergreen deciduous tree distributed in Mandalay of Myanmar, which belongs to the family of Ebenaceae. In Myanmar, it has been used to treat diarrhea, diabetes, diabetes and also as lumbers. In this study, seven flavonoids (1 - 7), a phenolic compound (8), and five triterpenes (9 - 13) were isolated from the barks of D. burmanica and their chemical structures were elucidated. Isolates were identified to be (+)-catechin (1), (+)-catechin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (2), (+)-catechin 3-O-gallate (3), (-)-epicatechin (4), (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate (5), (+)-afzelechin 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), (+)-2,3-trans-dihydrokaempferol 3-O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranoside (7), methyl gallate (8), lupeol (9), methyl lup-20(29)-en-3-on-28-oate (10), beta-amyrin (11), alpha-amyrin (12), 3beta-hydroxy-D:B-friedo-olean-5-ene (13) through MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic evidences.
Catechin ; Diarrhea ; Diospyros* ; Ebenaceae ; Flavonoids ; Humans ; Myanmar ; Phenol* ; Trees ; Triterpenes*