Background: Tibial tuberosity transposition (TTT) causes caudalization of the patellar ligament insertion in canine medial patellar luxation, which can lead to increases in patellofemoral contact pressure. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to confirm the effect of patellofemoral contact mechanics after craniolateral and caudolateral transposition of tibial tuberosity in normal canine hindlimbs. Methods: Craniolateral and caudolateral transposition of tibial tuberosity was performed in 5 specimens, respectively. The pressure was measured in the specimen before TTT, and then in the same specimen after TTT. In this process, data was obtained in 10 specimens. The measurement results were output as visualization data through the manufacturer's software and numerical data through spreadsheet. Based on these 2 data and the anatomical structure of the patellofemoral joint (PFJ) surface, whole measurement area was analysed by dividing into medial, lateral and central area. Results: In craniolateralization of tibial tuberosity, total, medial, central contact pressure was decreased and lateral contact pressure was not statistically changed lateral contact pressure than normal PFJ. In caudolateralization of tibial tuberosity, total, lateral contact pressure was increased and medial contact pressure was not statistically changed than normal PFJ. Although not statistically significant changed, central contact pressure in caudolateralization of tibial tuberosity was increased in all 5 specimens. Conclusions These results imply that traditional TTT, prone to caudal shift of patellar tendon, can increase retropatellar pressure may lead to various complications and diseases of the stifle joint.

PURPOSE: Sporadic excellent treatment results of intra-prostatic antibiotic injections against resistant chronic prostatitis were reported without sufficient background. So, for the scientific base of this effective treatment modality, we studied the tissue distribution and concentration of the ofloxacin after intraprostatic injection of formula which is designed for sustained release ofloxacin at least for four weeks. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 28 male dogs aged over 2 and ofloxacin designed to release over four weeks were used. The ofloxacin 12mg and poly(D,L-lactic) acid 28mg were prepared for sustained releasing formula and resolved in 1ml of 1.5% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose solution. Dogs were grouped into two, 8 control and 16 experiments for open injection. For control, oral ofloxacin 100mg was given twice a day for two and four weeks and for experimental groups, the new formula were injected at right lobe of prostate directly. The ofloxacin concentration was measured by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). RESULTS: Oral ofloxacin 2,800(2 weeks) and 5,600(4 weeks) were given for control and tissue concentration of ofloxacin were relatively even at all partitions of the prostate, 7.4+/-1.4(2 weeks) and 9.2+/-1.3mg/ml(4 weeks) and the blood level were 3.6-5.1mg/ml. In experimental groups, the only 12mg of ofloxacin was given and tissue concentration were 10.5+/-3.0(1 weeks), 13.8+/-4.5(2 weeks), 7.1+/-0.9(3 weeks) and 7.7+/-3.0mg/ml(4 weeks) in rights and 8.0+/-1.1(1 weeks), 10.2+/-4.2(2 weeks), 5.1+/-1.4(3 weeks) and 7.6+/-0.8(4 weeks)mg/ml in left lobes suggesting communication of blood between two lobes, and blood concentration were 0.16-0.59mg/ml. In histologic examination, the formula were localized between stroma and their size were reduced with time. CONCLUSIONS: Authors conclude that there are free communication of blood between two lobes of prostate and one direct injection of this sustained releasing formula ofloxacin into prostate can be a substitute with local effects without disturbing prostatic tissue level which reducing number or medication in future.
Animals ; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium ; Dogs ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Male ; Microspheres* ; Ofloxacin* ; Prostate ; Prostatitis ; Sodium ; Tissue Distribution

BACKGROUND: Early escharectomy has been shown to improve survival rates and treatment outcomes in major burn patients. However, its mechanism, especially in human immune systems, has not been fully elucidated. This observational study, focusing on cytokines, was conducted to assess changes in the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in major burn patients that underwent early tissue excision. METHODS: Seventeen ASA physical status II or III adults major burn patients, admitted to general surgery for burn wound care, were initially recruited. When early escharectomy was scheduled, a series of blood samples was obtained four times at 72 and 24 hours preop and at 24 and 72 hours postop. Changing levels of TNF alpha and IL-10 were measured by quantitative sandwich immnuoassay. RESULTS: Subjects suffered from 70% TBSA burns. Both cytokines demonstrated a significant tendency to increase in the blood during the study period. Although they temporarily decreased 24 hours after surgery, this effect did not last. CONCLUSIONS: Burn injury certainly increases cytokine response. Early escharectomy appears to decrease the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines only temporarily. It did not seem to have any long term effect in the human immune system in major burn patients, probably due to the complex nature of the injury.
Adult ; Burns* ; Cytokines* ; Humans ; Immune System ; Interleukin-10 ; Observational Study ; Survival Rate ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; Wounds and Injuries

Capsule endoscopy (CE) enables evaluation of the entire mucosal surface of the small bowel (SB), which is one of the most important steps for evaluating obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. Although the diagnostic yield of SB CE depends on many clinical factors, there are no reports on quality indicators. Thus, the Korean Gut Image Study Group (KGISG) publishes an article titled, “Quality Indicators for Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy” under approval from the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE). Herein, we initially identified process quality indicators, while the structural and outcome indicators are reserved until sufficient clinical data are accumulated. We believe that outcomes of SB CE can be improved by trying to meet our proposed quality indicators.
Capsule Endoscopy* ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Hemorrhage

We developed age, gender and ethnic specific brain templates based on MR and Positron-Emission Tomography (PET) images of Korean normal volunteers. Seventy-eight normal right-handed volunteers (M/F=49/29) underwent 3D T1-weighted SPGR MR and F-18-FDG PET scans. For the generation of standard templates, an optimal target brain that has the average global hemispheric shape was selected for each gender. MR images were then spatially normalized by linear transformation to the target brains, and normalization parameters were reapplied to PET images. Subjects were subdivided into 2 groups for each gender: the young/midlife (<55 yr) and the elderly groups. Young and elderly MRI/PET templates were composed by averaging the spatially normalized images. Korean templates showed different shapes and sizes (mean length, width, and height of the brains were 16.5, 14.3 and 12.1 cm for man, and 15.6, 13.5 and 11.4 cm for woman) from the template based on Caucasian (18.3, 14.2, and 13.3 cm). MRI and PET templates developed in this study will provide the framework for more accurate stereotactic standardization and anatomical localization.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Brain/*radiography/*radionuclide imaging ; Comparative Study ; Female ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18/diagnostic use ; Humans ; Korea ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Positron-Emission Tomography/methods ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Sex Factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS: In some cases, chronic diarrhea is unexplained, and small bowel disorders may be one of the causes. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic yield and clinical impact of video capsule endoscopy (VCE) in patients with chronic diarrhea. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed records from October 2002 to August 2013 in the VCE nationwide database registry (n=2,964). Ninety-one patients from 15 medical centers (60 males and 31 females; mean age, 47±19 years) were evaluated for VCE as a result of chronic diarrhea. RESULTS: The duration of chronic diarrhea was 8.3±14.7 months. The positive diagnostic yield of VCE was 42.9% (39/91). However, 15.4% (14/91) exhibited an inconsistent result, and 41.8% (38/91) were negative. Abnormal findings consistent with chronic diarrhea included erosions/aphthous ulcers (19.8%), ulcers (17.6%), mucosal erythema (3.3%), edema (1.1%), and luminal narrowing (1.1%). The most common diagnoses were functional diarrhea associated with irritable bowel syndrome in 37 patients (40.7%) and Crohn’s disease in 18 patients (19.8%). After VCE examination, the diagnosis was changed in 34.1% of the patients (31/91). Hematochezia (odds ratio [OR], 8.802; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.126 to 36.441) and hypoalbuminemia (OR, 4.811; 95% CI, 1.241 to 18.655) are predictive factors of a positive diagnostic yield. CONCLUSIONS: VCE had a favorable diagnostic yield and clinical impact on the management of patients with chronic diarrhea.
Capsule Endoscopy* ; Diagnosis ; Diarrhea* ; Edema ; Erythema ; Female ; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hypoalbuminemia ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Male ; Phenobarbital ; Retrospective Studies ; Ulcer