Objective To evaluate if 18F-FLT PET imaging could be used as a new clinical method to predict tumor radiosensitivity.Methods MDA-MB-231 and LN229 cells were irradiated with doses of 0,8 and 16 Gy of 6 MV photon energy,then soft agar assay and cellular uptake of 18F-FLT were performed on the 2 cell lines.The t test and one-way analysis of variance were used for the two groups and data before and after irradiation.The MDA-MB-231 and LN229 tumor xenografts were prepared by injecting the tumor cells into the right limbs of female BALB/c nu/nu mice.Once tumors reached a diameter of 10 mm,the two types of mice were divided randomly into 3 groups (20 mice per group) according to the irradiation doses (0,8 and 16 Gy).After irradiation,18F-FLT PET imaging and immunohistochemical staining were conducted.Then correlations between 18F-FLT SUVtumor/SUVmuscle ratio (T/M ratio) and TK1 labeling index percentages (LITK1) were tested using linear correlation analysis.Results The survival fraction of MDA-MB-231 and LN229 cells after irradiated with 8 Gy were (59.73 ± 4.3) ％ and (93.41 ± 3.75) ％,respectively (t =-13.20,P ＜ 0.001).When the dose increased to 16 Gy,the survival fraction decreased to (43.57 ±4.06) ％ and (81.77 ± 4.42) ％,respectively(t =-14.24,P ＜ 0.001).In MDA-MB-231 cells,the cellular uptake of 18F-FLT after irradiation with 8 Gy declined rapidly to (18.32 ± 1.38) kBq/105 cells ((128.22 ± 8.24) kBq/105 cells with the dose of 0 Gy,F =266.41,P ＜ 0.01),and maintained this low level till 72 h.For the LN229 cells,the cellular uptake decreased to (9.87 ± 1.30) kBq/105 cells after 8 Gy irradiation ((134.88 ± 6.59) kBq/105 cells with the dose of 0 Gy,F =346.06,P ＜ 0.01),then increased gradually to (127.17 ± 9.08) kBq/105 cells at 72 h (F =346.06,P ＞ 0.05).The dynamic changes of 18F-FLT cellular uptake in the two cells had the same pattern after being treated with 16 Gy irradiation.In the 18F-FLT PET image of MDA-MB-231 tumor mice after 8 Gy radiotherapy,the T/M ratio decreased to 0.78 ± 0.39 at the first day,but it was 2.84 ± 0.29 before radiotherapy (F =39.78,P ＜0.01).Then the ratio increased slowly,and it was still lower than the baseline at 7 d after radiation (F =39.78,P ＜0.01).The same pattern could be seen in the group of 16 Gy irradiation.In LN229 tumor mice treatment with 8 Gy irradiation,the T/M ratio increased to 2.41 ±0.47 at the first day,and it was 1.58 ±0.29 before radiotherapy (F =34.01,P ＜ 0.05).The ratio decreased steadily to 0.66 ± 0.32 (F =34.01,P＜0.05) at 7 d after radiotherapy.However,in the treatment group with 16 Gy,the T/M ratio decreased gradually and reached 0.44 ± 0.22 at 7 d (F =41.85,P ＜ 0.01).A correlation was found between 18F-FLT T/M ratio and LITK1 (8 Gy:r=0.67,0.73; 16 Gy:r=0.73,0.69; all P＜0.01) in both tumor models.Conclusion 18F-FLT PET imaging may be used as a new assay to predict tumor radiosensitivity,but further investigation is needed before clinical application.

Seven cases of renal tumor treated at our hospital from May 2009 to November 2011 were assigned to undergo laparoscopic ultrasonography assisted laparoscopic partial nephreetomy.The mean operative duration was 109 minutes (range:102-121).And the mean volume of blood loss was 82 ml (range:60-120).All patients had confirmed negative margins.Renal clear cell carcinoma was definitely diagnosed in all cases.Laparoscopic ultrasonography could provide more precise information of renal tumor within renal capsule.Thus it may be used to guide the operation so that tumors are excised more completely,residual tumor tissues avoided and normal renal tissues protected.

Objective To evaluate mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy in treating superior segmental ureteral calculi. Methods Two Hundred and thirty-six patients underwent mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy with holmium laser for superior segmental ureteral calculi from May 2005 to May 2008, 133 male and 103 female. Their age ranged from 17 to 76 years old with a mean of 47. 2 years. Of the 236 patients,141 compli-cated with calculi in the left side and 88 cases in the right side,7 in the both sides. The calculi diameter ranged from 0. 7 cm to 2.2 cm and the mean diameter was 1.4 cm. One hundred and ninety-three patients had undergone ESWL from 1～6 times. Results Of the 236 patients,217 were rendered stone-free at 1 pro-cedure. Residual calculi were found in 12 cases after operation and drugs were used for treatment. The resid-ual calculi were removed after 1 month. Seven cases with residual calculi were treated by ESWL and the cal-culi were removed. The total stone clearance was 91.9%. The mean operation time was 31.3 min(rang from 19～52 min), and the mean hospital stay was 9.5 days(rang from 6 to 12 days). The main complications following operation included: durative hematuria in 25 cases relieved by haemostasis and diuresis treatment within 24 to 48 hours,pnstoperative fever in 141 cases within 24 hours of which 103 were relieved by antiin-flammatory and fluid replacement treatment within 24 to 48 hours. Thirty-eight cases were relieved by anti-inflammatory treatwent depending on urine culture results within 3 to 7 days. The postoperative pain in all patients was light. Conclusion Minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy with holmium laser under ultrasound guidance is simple,safe and effective in treating proximal ureteral calculi.

Objective To study the safety and feasibility of tubeless percutaneous nephrostolithotomy by hemostasis gel closure of mini-percutaneous renal-channel.Methods Eighty patients after conventional percutaneous nephrostolithotomy are selected and divided into two groups according to the principle of randomization.Control group adopts conventional percutaneous nephrostolithotomy calculi lithotripsy with renal pelvis drainage tube placement whereas the experimental group adopts tubeless percutaneous nephrostolithotomy by hemostasis gel closure of mini-percutaneous renal channel.Both experimental group and control group will be scientifically and statistically analyzed via the incidence and the dose of using sedative for alleviating pain after operation,hospital stay,level of hemoglobin,and the occurrence of complications such as continuate hemorrhage,infection,urinary extravasation,etc.Results The operation of both groups are successful in phrase Ⅰ.The incidence and the dose of using sedative in control group are obviously higher than that in experimental group(45％ vs 20％).However,the incidence of postoperative complications like infection and hemorrhage and hospital stay between two groups are undifferentiated in statistics(P ＞ 0.05).Neither the experimental group nor the control group has perinephric hematoma,and seven cases of control group have urinary leakage after remove of fistula.Conclusion Tubeless percutaneous nephrostolithotomy by hemostasis gel closure of mini-percutaneous renal-channel is safe and feasible and it can reduce the incidence of postoperative pain and avoid urinary leakage.

Objective To evaluate the curative effect and safety of Niaoshit on g pill in the treatment of urinary calculus.Method Multi- center randomized co ntrolled clinical trial was adopted. Three hundred and twenty cases were accepte d to the study, in which 200 cases were treated by Niaoshitong pill and 120 case s by Shilintong tablet as control. The effect of both groups was observed. Resul t 107 cases (53.5 % ) were cured, 53 cases(26.5 % ) effective, the total effe ctive rate being 80.0 % in the treatment group, and 27 cases(24.5 % ), 42 cas es (38.2 % ), and 62.7 % respectively in the control group. In a open group of 120 cases ,54 cases (45.0 % ) were cured, 44 cases (36.6 % ) were effective , the total effective rate being 81,6 % .Conclusion Niaoshitong pill can mark edly improve the clinical symptoms and exerts a strong lithagogue effect. It can promote the elimination of calculi after external blast lithotrity or ureterosc opic lithotrity, prevent the formation of 'stone street', and reduce the strictu re formed by the damage of ureter.

Objective To evaluate the roles of positron emission tomography (PET) with N-methyl [11C]2-(4' -methylaminophenyi-6-hydroxybenzathiazole) (11C-PIB) in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods Six AD patients,7 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and 6 normal controls (NC) were diagnosed and assessed with brain PET with 11C-PIB.The emission images obtained at 5,25 and 45 min after 11C-PIB administration were analysed.Results Using visual analysis to summarize the characteristics of the imagings of each group: comparing to NC,the AD patients show high 11C -PIB up take,and low clearance rate of 11C-PIB at 45 min.The imagings of MCI group show heterogeneous,overlapping with AD and NC group.The statistical analysis shows: in AD group,the standard uptake value (SUV) ratio of parietal lobe,frontal lobe,temporal lobe,occipital lobe and hippocampal at 45 min was 1.91±0.21,2.09±0.41,1.92±0.35,1.66±0.41,1.55±0.28 respectively,and were higher than that of NC group (value being 1.48±0.53,1.57±0.64,1.36±0.53,1.27±0.40,1.17±0.33) with statistical significance,t=8.114,5.620,5.705,3.650 and 2.866,P=0.0001,0.0002,0.0002,0.0045 and 0.0170 respectively.In MCI group,the SUV ratio of parietal lobe,frontal lobe,temporal lobe,occipital lobe and hippocampal at 45 min was 1.48 ± 0.53,1.57 ± 0.64,1.36±0.53,1.27 ± 0.40,1.17±0.33 respectively,and were higher than that of NC group,but there was no statistical significance.Conclusion 11C-PIB PET imaging can differentiate AD patients from normal and anticipate the transformation of MCI patients.

Purpose To explore the relationship between the change of space anterior to right portal vein and the pathological staging in liver ifbrosis/cirrhosis. Materials and Methods Plain and contrast enhanced CT scan were performed in patients with biopsy proven liver ifbrosis/cirrhosis including S1 in 17 patients, S2 in 13 patients, S3 in 15 patients, S4 in 21 patients and cirrhosis in 22 patients. Twenty subjects were included as control group. The width of anterior space of right portal vein was measured on contrast enhanced CT and correlated with ifbrosis staging. The receiver operating characteristic curve was created for cirrhosis diagnosis. Results The width of anterior space of right portal vein enlarged in patients with S3 ifbrosis to cirrhosis (P<0.05 or P<0.01). It was signiifcantly bigger in group S4 compared to other groups (P<0.01). Spearman rank correlation analysis showed significant positive correlation between the width of anterior space and liver fibrosis staging (r=0.704, P<0.01). ROC curve analysis showed the area under curve (AUC) of 0.897 with the optimum width of ≥10 mm. Conclusion The change in the space anterior to the right portal vein is positively correlated with live ifbrosis staging. CT measurement helps early diagnose and assess the severity of liver ifbrosis and cirrhosis.

Purpose:The efficacy of evaluation of changes of tumoral uptake of 3'-deoxy-3'-[~(18)F] fluorothymidine (FLT) was comparatively analyzed with that of ~(18)F-FDG at early stage after anticancer chemotherapy.Materials and Methods:Cells derived from human lung adenocarcinoma were incubated with cisplatin (CDDP),5-fluorouracil(5-FU),doxorubicin (Dox),for 1,4,24 and 72h.The doses(CD-DP: 67 μM; 5-FU 1,540 μM;MTX: 440 μM;) were determined corresponding to a estimated 10% - 95% proliferation inhibition.The cells were allowed to recover before FLT or FDG being added into the culture media for 60 min.Cell counts,viability,estimated by MTT method,were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy.Results: FLT uptake was increased significantly at 1 and 4 h after treatment with 5-FU( 145 ± 12%,150 ± 14%,P <0.01).decreased at 24 h and 72 h.In contrast,FLT accumulation was significantly reduced at cytostatic concentrations of CDDP at different time.The uptake of FDG did not change significantly at early time points after treatment,but decreased at 72 h.Conclusion: The tumor cell uptake of FLT revealed specific changes depending on the auti-cancer drug used at much earlier time than FDG after chemotherpay.

Objective To synthesize podo-and epipodo-podophyllotoxin labeled with 11C and investigate their biodistribution in mice bearing EMT6 tumor by microPET.Methods 11 C-podo-or epipodopodophyllotoxin was synthesized by 11 C-CH3-Triflate mixed with 4'-methyl-demethmyl-podophyllotoxin (podo-and epipodo-) and purified using HPLC.The radiochemical purity (RCP) was analyzed by HPLC.Thirty mice bearing EMT6 tumor were divided into 2 groups and injected with 3.7 MBq 11C-podo-or epipodo-podophyllotoxin.The biodistribution of 11C-podo-or epipodo-podophyllotoxin was evaluated with microPET.The ID％/g was calculated.Paired t test was used to analyze the data.Results The yields of 11C-podo-and epipodo-podophyllotoxin were both ＞90％.The RCP was ＞99％.The biodistribution of 11C-podo-and epipodo-podophyllotoxin was similar with slow blood clearance and high uptake in abdomen.The tumor uptake of 11C-epipodophyllotoxin and 11C-podophyllotoxin at 30 min was (3.63±0.98) ％ID/g and (3.16±0.27) ％ID/g,respectively.The uptake ratio of tumor to blood and to muscle was 0.68 vs 0.62 and 1.52 vs 1.22,respectively.There was no significant difference between the tumor uptake of the two agents (t=0.47,P＞0.05).The result of microPET imaging was consistent with that of mice experiment.Conclusion 11C-podophyllotoxin has limited clinical value for tumor imaging.

Objective To investigate the feasibility of prophylactic cranial irradiation with hippocampal avoidance (HA-PCI) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods The clinical data of 56 patients with brain metastases of NSCLC who were treated from 2011 to 2014 were collected.Brain metastases and the hippocampus were delineated on T1 W1 contrast-enhanced MRI,and the distance between brain metastases and the hippocampus was analyzed;an HA-PCI regimen was also developed,and the distribution of the metastases in planning target volume (PTV) low-dose regions around the hippocampus was analyzed.Results None of the 139 metastases involved the hippocampus.There were 6(4.3％) and 18 (12.9％) metastases within 5 mm and 10 mm,respectively,outside the hippocampus.In the HA-PCI regimen,the D50％ and D2％ of PTV were 25.6 Gy and 27.1 Gy,respectively.Dmean and D2％ for the hippocampus were 7.4 Gy and 9.9 Gy,respectively;D50％ within 0-5.0 mm,5.1-10.0 mm,and 10.1-15.0 mm outside the hippocampus was 10.3 Gy,15.1 Gy,and 20.5 Gy,respectively.Conclusions HA-PCI may be feasible theoretically,but this needs to be confirmed by the intracranial failure pattern in patients with long-term survival.