Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a severe autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. NMOSD complicated with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is rare. This paper reports a case of NMOSD who was misdiagnosed as multiple sclerosis for many years, and then developed thrombocytopenia. ITP was diagnosed by perfect examination. After immunosuppression and thrombopoiesis therapy, the platelets returned to normal. The review of the case and literatures can help to improve the understanding of this kind of disease, timely diagnose and treat patients, and avoid serious complications.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of herombopag combined with recombinant human thrombopoietin （rhTPO） in the treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia （ITP） in the real world. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted on the patients diagnosed with ITP in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College from January 2021 to December 2022. Among them， 98 patients who were treated with a combination of herombopag and rhTPO were included in the observation group， and 157 patients who were treated with rhTPO alone were included in the control group. The changes in platelet count， clinical efficacy， bleeding， platelet transfusion rate and adverse drug reactions before and after treatment were observed and compared between the two groups. RESULTS Since the 8th day of treatment， there was a statistically significant difference in platelet count between the two groups （[ 61.04±13.46）×109 L－1 in observation group， （52.11±12.06）× 109 L－1 in control group] （P＜0.05）， and there also was a statistically significant difference in the peak and stable values of platelet count between the two groups （P＜0.05）. The total effective rates of the observation group and the control group were 79.59% and 66.88%， with cumulative response rates of 81.32% and 68.68%， and median response durations of 8 days and 10 days， respectively； these differences were statistically significant （P＜0.05）. During the treatment period， the bleeding rates of the observation group and control group were 3.06% and 8.28% （P＜0.05）， bleeding events were categorized as grade 1 or 2， and platelet transfusion rates were 31.63% and 40.76%； the differences in bleeding rates and platelet transfusion rates between the two groups was statistically significant （P＜0.05）. The incidences of adverse drug reactions in the two groups were 11.22% and 9.55%， respectively， with no statistically significant difference （P＞0.05）， and no moderate to severe adverse drug reaction was found. CONCLUSIONS The combination of herombopag and rhTPO can significantly increase platelet levels and response rate， and reduce bleeding rate and platelet transfusion rate in ITP patients， with good safety.

Objective:To investigate the clinical efficacy of lenalidomide combined with bortezomib and dexamethasone (RVd) regimen in treatment of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients and its effect on the levels of regulatory T cells (Treg cells) and natural killer (NK) cells.Methods:Thirty-eight NDMM patients who were admitted to the Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College from September 2019 to May 2022 were selected for a prospective study, and were divided into control group (18 cases) and observation group (20 cases) according to random number table method. The control group was treated with bortezomib+epirubicin+dexamethasone (VAd) regimen, and the observation group was treated with RVd regimen. The efficacy and safety were compared between the two groups. The levels of Treg cells (CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 +) and NK cells (CD3 - CD56 + CD16 +) before and after treatment in the two groups were detected by flow cytometry, and the results were compared. Results:After 4 courses of treatment, the objective response rate (ORR) of the observation group was 95.0% (19/20), which was higher than that of the control group [77.8% (14/18)], and the difference was statistically significant ( P = 0.016). Before treatment, there was no statistical difference in the levels of Treg cells and NK cells between the two groups ( P values were 0.381 and 0.650). After treatment, the level of Treg cells in the control group increased from (1.5±0.5)% before treatment to (4.7±1.3)% ( P = 0.008), while the level of Treg cells in the observation group increased from (1.4±0.5)% before treatment to (6.8±1.5)% ( P = 0.001), and the level in the observation group was higher than that in the control group ( P = 0.027); the level of NK cells in the control group increased from (16±6)% before treatment to (20±5)% ( P = 0.004), while the level of NK cells in the observation group increased from (16±6)% before treatment to (24±6)% ( P = 0.006), and the level in the observation group was higher than that in the control group ( P = 0.032). The incidence rates of thrombocytopenia and neutropenia in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P values were 0.012 and 0.027), which was reversible after active treatment. There was no statistical difference in the incidence rates of other adverse reactions (all P>0.05). Conclusions:RVd regimen for NDMM is clinically effective, safe and reliable, and the patients' levels of Treg cells and NK cells elevate after treatment.