Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte abnormality in hospitalized patients,which could be attributed to many factors.Antidiuretic hormone plays an important role in the development and progression of hyponatremia.It has been reported that estrogen affects antidiuretic hormone level,the number and sensitivity of related receptors,and effects of antidiuretic hormone,resulting in gender difference in occurrence and outcome of hyponatremia.

Objective To evaluate the clinical value of cardiovascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by wave intensity and tissue Doppler imaging.Methods According to the course of disease,30 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were divided in to two groups:T2DM group 1,the course of disease between 1 year to 5 years; T2DM group 2,the course of disease was longer than 5 years.30healthy volunteers were considered as control group.The parameters of accelerating wave intensity(W1),decelerating wave intensity(W2),negative area(NA),time interval between the R-wave of ECG and the first peak(R-W1),the first and second peaks (W1-W2),elasticity modulus (Ep),stiffness index (β),arterial compliance(AC),pulse wave velocity(PWVβ) and intima media thickness (IMT) were calculated by wave intensity.The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF),left ventricular ejection time (LVET),early diastolic peak speed (E),late diastolic peak velocity (A),E / A and isovolumic relaxation time(IVRT) were detected by two dimensional echocardiography.Mitral annular early diastolic peak speeds (Em),late diastolic peak velocity (Am) and Em / Am were detected by tissue Doppler imaging.Then three groups data were recorded and compared.Results Compared with the control group,β,PWVβ,Ep in T2DM group increased significantly(P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05),while AC decreased(P ＜0.05).IMT in T2DM group 2 was thicker significantly than the control group(P ＜0.01).PWVβ,Ep,IMT in T2DM group 2 were significantly higher than those of T2DM group 1 (P ＜0.05).W2 in T2DM group 2 was significantly higher than those of T2DM group 1 and the control group(P ＜0.01 or P ＜0.05).E/A,Em and Em/Am in T2DM group were significantly lower than those of the control group (P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01).Compared with T2DM group 1,Em in T2DM group 2 decreased significantly(P ＜0.05).In T2DM group,there were positive correlation between IMT and Ep,β,PWVβ (r =0.48,r =0.385,r =0.478,P ＜0.05 or P ＜0.01),positive correlation between Em and E (r =0.404,P ＜0.05) ;positive correlation between Em/Am and E/Em,E/A (r =0.602,r =0.559,P ＜0.01) ; negative correlation between Em and IVRT (r =-0.653,P ＜0.01);positive correlation between W1 and LVEF (r =0.627,P ＜0.01); positive correlation between W1-W2 and lVET (r =0.847,P ＜ 0.01) ; no correlation between W2 and E/A,E/Em,Em/Am,IVRT(P ＞0.05).Conclusions The elasticity of carotid artery and the diastolic function of left ventricular decreased in T2DM patients,while the systolic function of left ventricular was normal.

Objective To evaluate the function and synchronization of left atrial in patients with chronic heart failure(CHF) by real-time three dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE).MethodsThirty healthy controls and thirty-two patients with CHF were studied.The CHF were divided into group CHF1 with the normal of left ventricular filling pressure and group CHF2 with the elevated of that.From the volume-time curve of RT-3DE workstation,the maximum volume (LAVmax),the minimum volume (LAVmin),the volume before contraction (LAVp) of left atrial were acquired.Accordingly,the total,passive and active ejection fraction could be calculated.The synchronization parameters derived from RT3DE were the dispersion and maximum difference of time to minimum volume for left atrial segments (Tmsv- 16-SD,Tmsv 12-SD,Tmsv-6-SD,Tmsv- 16-Dif,Tmsv 12-Dif,Tmsv-6 Dif).The index of volume and time were corrected by the body surface area and interval of R-R,respectively.The correlation were analysed in them.Results ① All the index of volume before and after correction were gradually increasing from control to CHF2 group,but the LATEF,LAPEF and LAAEF were just the reverse,with all parameters had significant difference among total groups( P ＜0.01 ).②The synchronization parameters were significantly higher from control to CHF2 group( P ＜0.01 ).Comparing between two groups,no significant difference of the synchronization parameters were found between CHF1 group and CHF2 group ( P ＞ 0.05),except Tmsv-16-SD％ and Tmsv-16-Dif％ ( P ＜0.01 ).③The Tmsv-16-SD％ and Tmsv-16-Dif％ had a positive correlation with the index of volume and a negative correlation with the ejection fraction.The most significantly correlation parameters was LAVmaxI,with r =0.75 and P ＜0.01.ConclusionsThe function of left atrium are reduced in patients of CHF,there are dyssynchronization.The higher of the filling pressure of left ventricle,the lager of the dyssynchronization of left atrium.RT-3DE may paly important roles in the evaluation of function and synchronization of left atrium.

Objective To evaluate the value of strain rate imaging(SRI)in quantitatively detecting regional function and synchronism of left ventricular(LV)in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM).Methods Twenty-one patients with HCM were divided into 3 groups by thickness of interventricular septum and left controls(216 segments)were performed echo examination.Tissue velocity imagings of all the patients and controls were accepted in apical four,long axis or two chamber views.The indies included:peak systolic strain rate (SRs),peak early diastolic strain rate(SRe),peak late diastolic strain rate(SRa)and SRe/SRa,time of to peak systolic strain rate(TSSR),coffieient of variation of TssR(CVTSSR),time of to peak early diastolic strain rate (TESR),cofficient of variation of TssR(CVTESR).Results Compared with controls,SRs,SRe and SRe/SRa of the three groups of HCM decreased significantly;SRe of the three groups of HCM decreased in order,NH＞MH＞ SH,but there was no significant difference of SRe/SRa between NH and MH group of HCM;compared with NH and MH,SRe/SRa of SH decreased significantly.Compared with controls,SRa of MH and SH decreased significantly,but there was no difference between NH and controls,and NH＞MH＞SH.Compared with controls,CVTSSR and CVTESR of patients with HCM increased significantly.Conclusions The regional function of LV in patients with HCM damaged with or without hypertrophy;synchronism existed in patients with HCM and all these can be evaluated quantitatively,accurately by SRI.

By using the high resolution mass spectrometer TripleTOF 5600 , three kinds of standard proteins including bovine serum albumin ( BSA) , ovalbumin ( OVA) and lysozyme C( LYZC) were analyzed, and the correlationship between the ion intensity of mass spectrometry and the relative content of protein sample was investigated. The protein samples were digested by trypsion and diluted to 1-1024 fmol in 7 μL. The ion counts per second ( cps) were used to stand for the amounts of proteins and peptides. Then the correlation between sum of ion intensity ( cps) of all the peptides, number of peptides detected and the amount of proteins was investigated. By comparing the change of values of the same sample in three parallel experiments, a linear relationship between these indexes and the amount of proteins within 1-1024 fmol was found when the cps was more than 1000. Usually, the maximal ion intensity was no more than 1. 5 times of the minimum value for same peptide in triplicate experiments, which suggested that the 3 times or more change of ion intensity was the minimum threshold to determine the differences of proteins amounts in different samples. This study provides a relative quantitative analysis method using qualitative data of high resolution and high scan speed mass spectrometry, which can quickly and easily provide reference for biological and medical research.

Objective To detect viable myocardium in patients with old myocardial infarction(OMI) by using quantitative tissue velocity imaging(QTVI) in low dose dobutamine stress test(LDDSE).Methods(Twenty-five) patients with OMI were accepted QTVI examination including 2-chamber,4-chamber apical view.QTVI indices included peak velocity in isovolumic contraction(V_(IVC)),peak velocity in systolic(V_S) and time of isovolumic contraction(T_(IVC)).Results Two hundred segments were divided into the normal(group N,72 segments),viable myocardium(group V,77 segments) and non-viable myocardium(group NV,51 segments).At baseline,compared with group N,V_(IVC),V_S of group V and group NV decreased significantly(P

Objective To investigate whether the sensitivity and specificity of detecting different coronary artery stenosis could be improved by cyclic variation of integrated backscatter(CVIB) under dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE).Methods Thirty-two patients with suspected coronary artery disease underwent DSE before selected coronary angiography.CVIB of the left ventricular myocardial segments supplied by three coronary branches was analyzed at the baseline and the stages of DSE.Results Comparing with the value of baseline and low dose stages,in ischemic myocardium,CVIB decreased under high dose.While in non-ischemic myocardium,CVIB showed no difference at all stages of DSE.Taking CVIB

Objective To explore the value of strain rate and dobutamine stress echocardiography(DSE) in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease. Methods High-dose DSE was performed in 18 patients with coronary heart disease and 10 healthy persons, proved by selected coronary angiography. Ten patients had single coronary lesion, and the other 8 patients had more. By strain rate technology, systolic peak strain rate(SR_ SYS ) was measured in 12 segments of healthy persons and ischemic segments of patients. Results SR_ SYS of healthy subjects enhanced by the increasement of dose of DSE. In patients with single coronary lesion, SR_ SYS enhanced on the first states of baseline, 10 and 20 ?g?kg -1 ?min -1 ,while SR_ SYS changed non-significantly on 30 ?g?kg -1 ?min -1 , and began to decrease on 40 ?g?kg -1 ?min -1 . However in patients with more than one coronary lesions, SR_ SYS of 10 ?g?kg -1 ?min -1 became larger than that of baseline, while SR_ SYS didn't increase any longer on 20 ?g?kg -1 ?min -1 , and fell significantly on 40 ?g?kg -1 ?min -1 . Conclusions Combining stain rate and DSE to quantify local myocardial motion is valuable to offer many important clinic messages, and improves the diagnosis of coronary heart disease.

Objective To evaluate the value of predicting functional improvement of viable myocardium after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty(PTCA) by strain rate imaging(SRI) combining with low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography(LDDSE).Methods PTCA was performed in 20 patients with old myocardial infarction and 72 segments of resting dyskinetic wall motion at baseline were observed.Peak systolic strain rate(SSR) and systolic peak velocity(Vs) were measured in abnormal walls at baseline and SRI combined with LDDSE one day before PTCA.Increment of SSR and Vs was defined during stress echocardiography(?SSR% and ?V_S%).The follow-up analysis was performed 6 weeks after PTCA.Results The dyskinetic motion of 48/72 segments was improved according to the follow-up echocardiography 6 weeks after PTCA while that of 24/72 segments was not.Considering ?SSR%≥(2.02%),?V_S%≥(8.5%) in 5 ?g?kg~(-1)?min~(-1) stress and ?SSR%≥(24.7%),?V_S%≥(28.5%) in 10 ?g?kg~(-1)?min~(-1)stress as cut-offs for motion improvement of the left ventricular dyskinetic segments,the sensitivities were(93.8%),(89.6%) and(95.8%),(91.7%),respectively.At baseline SSRs of two groups were significantly different while Vs did not have significant difference.Conclusions Combined with LDDSE,SRI can more accuratly predict the motion improvement of viable myocardium than tissue velocity imaging can.

Objective To evaluate the left ventricular synchronicity in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM) by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography(RT-3DE).Methods Twenty-eight DCM patients and twenty-nine healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study,and clear full volume pictures were aquired using RT-3DE.The time to minimal systolic volume (Tmsv) of each segment was measured,and a mean value of Tmsv for the same segment in each group(Tmsv') was caculated.The standard deviation (Tmsv-SD) and the maximal difference (Tmsv-Dif) of Tmsv were calculated for basal level,mid level,apical lever,12 segments and 16 segments (Tmsv1-6-SD,Tmsv7-12-SD,Tmsv13-16-SD,Tmsv12-SD,Tmsv16-SD,Tmsv1-6-Dif,Tmsv7-12-Dif,Tmsv13-16-Dif,Tmsv12-Dif,Tmsv16-Dif).Results There were no significant differences among 1-17 Tmsv' within each group.No significant differences were found between two groups for Tmsv' derived from the same segment.All asynchrony indexs of DCM patients were remarkably higher than those of the healthy volunteers (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),and correlated closely with LVEF determined by RT-3DE (r=-0.576～-0.768,P＜0.01 or P＜0.05) except for those of the mid level(r=-0.402～-0.449,P＞0.05).Conclusions Dyssynchrony exist in globle and each level of DCM patients' left ventricle.RT-3DE is an available technique for left ventricular synchronicity quantification.