The quantification of albumin in urine, especially the use of "microalbumin" in recent years is very important routine test and played important role for the early diagnosis and monitoring of kindney injures. But that routine test which seems common still has many problems to be solved. Here we introduce some differences in this test guidelines issued by authorities of some countries, some problems and the improvement advice given by international organizations, and put up suggestions to improve the quantitation accuracy, including replace ment of the term of "urine microalbumin" by " urine albumin".

The progress of the standardization of anti-bacterial susceptibility test was reviewed in our country. The application of CLSI/NCCLS standards in China was primarily summarized and the future tasks, including to set up our own standards of anti-bacterial susceptibility test step by step through our efforts, were put forward. Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics and Minimum Inhibition Concentration(PK-PD/MIC) were good indication to help clinicians select antibiotics. The future standardization of anti-bacterial susceptibility test will be of both national and internationalapplication.

The routine biochemistry test-serum ?-glutamyltransferase(GGT,?-GT)has long been used for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver and bile duct diseases.Recent studies showed that high level serum GGT associated with occurrence of chronic kidney disease or insulin-resistance and type 2 diabetes afterward.Also,it can predict the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction or stroke.So,high level serum GGT associated with all-cause mortality in population.Serum GGT might be an indicator of oxidative stress showing the injures of cells by oxygen radicals and a predictive index of many diseases.More attention should be paid and emphasized on its predictive value.

BACKGROUND:Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cel s have the potential to differentiate into insulin-secreting cel s and have immunomodulatory effects. Additional y, it has been clinical y proved that Gegen Qin Lian Tang can lower blood sugar. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Gegen Qin Lian Tang combined with human amniotic mesenchymal stem cel transplantation on rat early diabetic retinopathy, by detecting pathological changes, levels of blood indicators and expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor in retinal tissues. METHODS:By intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, 42 Wistar rat models with diabetes mel itus were prepared and then randomly divided into model group, human amniotic mesenchymal stem cel transplantation group (cel transplantation group) and combination of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cel s and Gegen Qin Lian Tang group (combination group). At 4 weeks after transplantation, levels of blood sugar and serum insulin in diabetic rats were detected;pathological changes of the retina in diabetic rats were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Besides, expressions of CD45 and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA were detected using immunohistochemistry staining and RT-PCR technology, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group, the levels of blood glucose and serum insulin in both cel transplantation and combination groups were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, and these changes were even more significant in the combination group (P<0.05). In the model group, the retinal edema could be found, accompanied by structural disorder and irregular cel arrangement, while these retinal lesions were relatively milder in the cel transplantation group and significantly improved in the combination group. In addition, the CD45 expression and in the retina was highest in the model group subsequently fol owed by the cel transplantation group (P<0.05) and lowest in the combination group (P<0.05). Furthermore, compared with the model group, the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA was also significantly lower in the other two groups, especial y in the combination group (P<0.05). These data show that Gegen Qin Lian Tang combined with human amniotic mesenchymal stem cel transplantation improves the severity of diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting expressions of CD45 and vascular endothelial growth factor in the retinal tissues.

Objective To describe blood lead levels (BLLs) and the distribution character of children in China as a whole. Methods The research papers on children's BLLs published in 1994-Mar,2004 were collected through Chinese Biomedical Disc(CBMDisc) or other ways, and 32 papers were selected into the present analysis according to the four main criteria: (1) BLLs were measured by graphite atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS) or inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry(ICP-MS); (2) high quality guarantee and quality control were reported, standard substance using was necessary; (3)there were no local lead pollution resources in the areas where the involved children lived in; (4)the samples were more than 100. Results The mean BLL of Chinese children was 92.9 ?g/L(37.2-254.2 ?g/L)and 33.8%(9.6%-80.5%)of children, as for individual BLL, were higher than 100 ?g/L. It indicated that BLLs in boys were significantly higher than that in girls(P

In recent years, neurobehavioral end point was often used in environmental epidemiological researches to assess and characterize the adverse effects of environmental pollutants. The applications of neurobehavioral evaluation not only improve the ability to identify the early, sub clinic adverse effects of environmental pollutants exposure, but also help to screen out the victims for further protection. At present, there are many neurobehavioral evaluation methods have been applied in the environmental epidemiological researches at home and abroad, some methods that are considered applicable in China were reviewed in this article.

This artical introduces the cutter develop t for basi hospitals to carry out the vitreous resection.It is characterized by simple structure,easy to use and carry,complete fuctions and it is satified with results.

Objective: To investigate the rate of depression in patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and corresponding treatments Method:285 out-patients diagnosed as FD were assessed by two physician trained for depression assessment Depression was diagnosed by criteria of CCMD-2-R Patients with depression were divided into three groups: group A (n=28) received venlafaxine, group B (n=31) received doxepine, group C (n=26) received no antidepressant as control SDS (self-rate depression scale) and FD score were used to assess the effect of antidepressants Result:The rate of depression in our sample was 32% (92/285) Among 92 with depression, 85 consent to participate the study FD scores of both group A and group B decreased after 2 weeks treatment, and were significantly lower than that of group C at the end of 8 weeks The score of SDS in group decreased from the end of second week after treatment, and both group A and group B had significantly lower scores in SDS than group C at the end of 8 weeks Group A had fewer side effects than group B Conclusion:Depression is common in patients with FD Antidepressant can improve FD symptoms as well as depressive symptoms Venlafaxine has fewer side effects than doxepine

Various kinds of scaffold materials are studied and used in cartilage tissue engineering, but none are ideal for the needs of tissue engineering. Mixing different materials together to form a better composite scaffold may brighten the prospect. The present review summarizes the studies of composite materials in cartilage tissue engineering.

Objective To evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine on inflammatory response and the changes of serum inflamma-tory mediator caused by cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)in cardiac valve replacement surgery.Methods 30 patients scheduled for cardiac valve replacement were randomly divided into two groups:experimental group(n=15)and control group(n=15).For the experimental group,dexmedetomidine was infused intravenously with the dose of 2.0μg·kg-1 ·h-1 after induction of anesthesia. In control group,normal saline was given instead of dexmedetomidine.Blood samples were taken from radial artery in each of the following five time points:after induction of anesthesia(T1 ),the beginning of CPB(T2 ),after beginning of CPB 40 min(T3 ),after the termination of CPB 2 h(T4 )and 24 h(T5 )for determination of TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10.Results The concentration of TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10 levels showed no significantly difference between the two groups before CPB(P>0.05).But serum TNF-α、IL-6 levels of ex-perimental group were significantly lower and IL-10 were significantly higher than control group(P<0.05 or P<0.01)at the time points of T3~T5 .All biomakers rose significantly at the time of T3 and T4 in both groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01).At the time of T5 IL-6、IL-10 returned to preoperative levels(P>0.05)while TNF-αremained heigh level(P<0.05 or P<0.01)in both groups. Conclusion dexmedetomidine can regulate the release of the serum inflammatory mediator which suggest that dexmedetomidine may alleviate the systemic inflammatory reaction resulting from cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac valve replacement surgery.