Objective:To summary the antibacterial agent therapy adjustment performed by clinical pharmacists in the collabora-tive rounds. Methods:Combined with physicians, clinical pharmacists participated in the ward round and antibacterial agent selection for one case of hospital-acquired pneumonia, meanwhile, pharmaceutical care was performed for the patient. Results:Clinical pharma-cists chose appropriate antibacterial agents for the patient to cover the suspected pathogens and control the infection in time through par-ticipating in the ward round and paying attention to the disease course progress, medical history and medication history. Conclusion:Clinical pharmacists can enhance the quality of drug therapy through participating in the drug therapy, providing the proposal for the antibacterial agent use and performing pharmaceutical service for physicians and patients.

Previous studies showed that the Vodm-LRF-including the dorsomedial part of the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and its adjacent lateral reticular formation--contained the second-order neurons on the central pathway of the trigeminal proprioceptive sensation of the rat and the "zone-shaped area"-including the caudolateral part of the supratrigeminal nucleus (Vsup-CL). The dorsomedial part of principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (Vpdm) and two newly found nuclei: the areaventral to the motor trigeminal nucleus (AVM) and the area dorsal to the superior olivary nucleus (ADO)-contained the third order neurons of this pathway. Parvalbumin (PV) is one of the calcium-binding proteins, In this pathway, many PV-like immunoreactive (PV-LI) neurons were observed in Vodm LRF and the "zone-shaped arena", hut there has been no reports so far regarding whether these PV-LI neurons are projection neurons responsible for the transmission of proprioceptive information or the interneurons serving the modulatory function, in the present study, our aim was to solve the problem by a double labeling study by using retrograde tracing method combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry. The results showed that: (1) following the unilateral Fluoro-Gold (FG) injections into the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus and the separated parts of the "zone-shaped area", viz, Vpdm, ADO and AVM, many FG-labeled neurons were always found contralaterally in the "zone-shaped area" and ipsilaterally in the Vodm-LRF, respectively; (2) in either the "zone-shaped area" or the Vodm-LRF, a substantial number of the FG retrogradely labeled neurons showed PV-LI. In the Vsup-CL, Vpdm, AVM and ADO, about 57%, 55%, 11% and 4% of the neurons projecting to the VPM of the thalamus showed pV-LI, respectively. Of the total population of PV-LI neurons in the Vsup-CL, Vpdm. AVM and ADO, about 23%, 79%, 53% and 16% were labeled by FG, respectively. Most of these PV/FG double-labeled neurons were medium- to small-sized, round, piriform or irregular in shape. On the other hand, in the Vodm-LRF, approximately 33%, 34% and 50% of the neurons which projected to the Vpdm, AVM and ADO expressed PV-LI, respectively. The percentage of PV/FG double-labeled neurons to the total number of the PV-LI neurons in Vpdm, AVM or ADO were 26%, 17% or 11%, respectively, The present results indicated that PV might play an important role in the transmission of the trigeminal proprioceptive information of the rat from Vndm-LRF to the contralateral VPM of the thalamus through the "zone-shaped area".

Objective To observe the relationships among the direct projection neurons from the lumbar spinal cord to the lateral parabrachial nucleus(LPB),calbindin D-28K(CB)-like immunoreactive (-LI) neurons,peripheral noxious information transmission as well as substance P receptor(SPR)-LI neurons. Methods Triple-labeled techniques were used by tetramethyl rhodamine(TMR) retrograde tracing combined with immunofluorescence histochemistry for CB-,SPR- or Fos protein.The stained sections were observed under a confocal laser-scanning microscope. Results 1.After injecting TMR to the unilateral LPB,a number of TMR retrogradely labeled neurons were mainly distributed in the lamina Ⅰ,lateral spinal nucleus(LSN),and regions around the central canal of the spinal cord(lamina X) of the ipsilateral spinal cord;2.CB-LI neurons were mainly found in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the lumbar spinal cord,especially in the lamina Ⅱ in the dense distribution; 3.SPR-LI neurons were also mainly seen in the lamina Ⅰ,LSN and lamina X of the spinal cord.A few of the SPR-LI neurons were also distributed in the lamina Ⅱ;4.Fos-positive neurons were detected in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,lateral aspect of the lamina Ⅴ to Ⅶ of the lumbar spinal cord by injecting 5% formalin into the ipsilateral hindpaw;5.Triple-labeled neurons for TMR/CB/SPR or TMR/CB/Fos were mainly found in lamina Ⅰ,while a few of the triple-labeled neurons were also found in lamina Ⅱ of the dorsal horn.TMR/CB/SPR triple-labeled neurons accounted for 103%,98% and 146% of total population of TMR-,CB- or SPR-LI neurons in laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,respectively.On the other hand,TMR/CB/Fos triple-labeled neurons formed 118%,106% and 158% of the total population of TMR-,CB-LI or Fos-positive neurons in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ,respectively.Conclusion\ The results indicated that in the laminae Ⅰ and Ⅱ of the lumbar spinal cord some neurons with CB-Like immunoreactivity transmitting the peripheral noxious information and projecting directly to the LPB might receive SPergic primary afferents.

Objective The changes of VGluT1-like immunoreactivity(VGluT1-LI) in the trigeminal complex of the rat in different survival time after unilateral mandibular nerve transection were examined. Methods Immunocytochemical staining method and image analysis technique were performed. Results Many VGluT1-LI were observed in the trigeminal complex of the normal rat and were mainly distributed in the terminals.A weak decrease of VGIuT1-LI in the dorsal part of principal trigeminal nucleus(Vp) could be detected at the first week after unilateral transection of mandibular nerve(P

Background Hypertension is a multigenetic inheritable disease.Gene therapy by regulating gene expression showed long term effects and less side effects,and has been emerged to be a potential and prospective treatment.Objective To investigate the effects of retroviraladeno-associated virus vector containing shRNA targeted on the AT1R gene (rAAV-AT1R-shRNA) on blood preesure(BP) in renal hypertensive rats,and the inhibitory effect of RNA interference (RNAi) on AT1R mRNA expression in renal hypertensive rats.Methods Two-kideny one-clip (2K1C) renal hypertension (RH) were established in SD rats and randomly to receive rAAV-AT1R-shRNA,1.5?109 particles/mL(n=12,ip),as treated group or retroviral vector (rAAV-EGFP),2.9?109 particles/mL,ip,as vehicle group,normal SD rats served as controls (n=12).SBP was measured before and after treatment.Animals were euthanized and blood,brain,heart,liver,kidney,aorta and adrenal gland were collected to identify the sites of rAAV-AT1R-shRNA expression by fluorescence microscope.Angiotensin Ⅱwas assessed by radioimmunology.Results 24 hours after single injection of rAAV-AT1R-shRNA,SBP was reduced by (22.3?5.5)mmHg compared to before intervention (P

Objective To investigate whether the serotonin(5\|HT)\|like immunoreactive axons synapse upon the second\|order neurons on the central pathway of the trigeminal proprioception in the rat. Methods Electron microscopic double\|labeling of retrograde tract\|tracing technique combined with immunohistochemistry. Results Following the injection of wheat germ agglutinin\|horseradish peroxidase (WGA\|HRP) into the dorsomedial part of the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus(Vpdm) of the rat and the immunostaining for 5\|HT, there were neurons retrogradely labeled by WGA\|HRP and axon terminals with 5\|HT\|like immunoreactivity(5\|HT\|LI) in the dorsomedial part of the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus and its adjacent lateral reticular formation(Vodm\|LRF).At the electron microscopic level,the 5\|HT\|immunostained axonal profiles were observed to make synaptic contacts with the WGA\|HRP\|labeled neurons.Both the axon\|somatic and axon\|dendritic synapses were found.These synapses were mainly of symmetric type although the asymmetric ones were also seen.Conclusion\ The present results provided a morphologic basis for the serotoninergic terminals which might be involved in the regulatory effect for the trigeminal proprioceptive information transmission.\;[

Immunofluorescence histochemistry combined with retrograde tracing technique was employed to observe the effects of masseteric nerve transection on the expression of Trk ( tropomyosin-related kinase) receptor proteins, namely TrkA, TrkB and TrkC in the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus ( Me5 ) of the rat. At 7 and 14 days following transection of masseteric nerve through which Fluorogold (FG) was applied to identify the Me5 neurons innervating masseter, brain sections were immunohistochemically processed to detect the three Trk isoforms in FG-labeled Me5 neurons. With the percentage of double-labeled neurons to the total number of FG-labeled neurons as the index,we demonstrated ( 1 ) a significant increase in the percentage of TrkA-immunoreactive (IR) Me5 neurons at both 7 and 14 days after nerve transection, (2) no significant, but gradual, increase in the percentage of TrkB-IR Me5 neruons with longer survival time post transection and ( 3 ) little change of TrkC expression. The current findings indicate that axotomy differently affected the expression of the individual Trk receptors and these expression patterns may reflect an adaptation of the Me5 neurons to the peripheral nerve injury.

Objective To analyze the efficacy of kaolin intake amount as an index for motion sickness (MS)induced by different motion patterns stimulating the vestibular receptors of rats.Methods Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups.Three groups were subjected to one of the following stimulations,respectively-linear acceleration along either the interaural axis(IA)or body axis (AP),and double rotation(DR)stimulation.Other 2 groups were used as control.Kaolin intake was recorded for consecutive 6 d,3 d before and 3 d after stimulation,and the data were statistically analyzed.Results It was found that:1)following IA,AP and DR stimulations,25%,17% and 58% of the rats in each group increased mean kaolin intake by 1 g in the 3 d phase post-stimulation compared with that in the same duration of pre-stimulation,respectively;2)in contrast to some prewous reports,the present observation showed that high Ievel of kaolin intake post-stimulation may persist for more than one day.Conclusion All 3 tvpes of stimulation methods can serve as ways of specifically stimulating vestibular end-organs to induce kaolin intake increase,and double rotation iS the most effective.

margin from CTV to PTV.

To investigate the relationship of the rotation stimulation with motion sickness, the expression of Fos protein in the whole brain of the rat stimulated by complex double rotation on two axes was observed in the present study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal contral group; double-axes rotation stimulation group; the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; group of two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy. Immunohistochemical staining method was used to detect the expression of Fos protein in different regions of whole brain of the rat. The present results showed that: (1) No Fos-like immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of the rats in control group and the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; (2) In the double-axes rotation stimulation group, the Fos-like immunoreactive neurons were observed in many regions of the brain and brainstem of the rats following complex double-axes rotation stimulation, and the Fos-immunoreactivities were expressed in the nucleus. These Fos-immunopositive neurons were intensively distributed in different subnuclei of the vestibular nucleus complex (including medial, superior and spinal nuclei), nucleus of the solitary tract, locus coeruleus, medial and lateral parabrachial nucleus of the brainstem, paraventricular nucleus of the diencephalons and the amygdala of the limbic system; (3) The expression of Fos protein can be scarcely detected around forementioned regions in brains of the rats following complex two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy. The present results suggest that the double-axes rotation stimulation can activate effectively the vestibular neurons and many neurons of other region of the brain and brainstem are further activated through direct or indirect connections with vestibular nuclei after complex double rotation stimulation. These activated neurons may be related to the complex mechanism of the motion sickness.