Objective:To analyze the death rate of asthma among Chinese people aged 0-19 years in 2018 and the trend of asthma mortality between 2008 and 2018, in order to guide the research of asthma control management and prevention strategy, and reduce the mortality of childhood asthma in China.Methods:Data from the national disease surveillance points system (DSPs) was adopted.The mortality rates of 0-19-year-old people in different age groups, genders, places of residence and geographical regions from 2008 to 2018 were calculated, and the national death toll of asthma was estimated as well.The annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC) were calculated, and the death rate of asthma among Chinese people aged 0-19 years in 2018 and change trend of asthma mortality from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed.Results:In 2018, there was no significant gender diffe-rence in asthma mortality among Chinese people aged 0-19 years among different age groups, places of residence and geographical regions(all P>0.05). From 2008 to 2018, the mortality rate of people aged 0-19 fluctuated from 0.023/100 000 to 0.046/100 000, the highest mortality rate was in 2009 and 2012, and the lowest was in 2018. It was estimated that the total number of deaths among people aged 0-19 years reached the highest in 2009 (148 cases) and the lowest in 2018 (70 cases). It is estimated that the total number of deaths among people aged 0-19 years in China from 2008 to 2018 was 1 158 cases.From 2008 to 2018, the total mortality rate of asthma in Chinese population aged 0-19 years decreased significantly (AAPC=-7.6%, 95% CI: -10.4%--4.7%). There was a significant decrease in male group(AAPC=-7.4%, 95% CI: -12.5%--2.0%), female group(AAPC=-7.5%, 95% CI: -12.7%--2.0%), 1-<5 years old group(AAPC=-11.4%, 95% CI: -17.9%--4.5%), 15-19 years old group(AAPC=-14.4%, 95% CI: -24.8%--2.6%), rural group(AAPC=-9.0%, 95% CI: -13.1%--4.8%) and central areas(AAPC=-13.1%, 95% CI: -24.0%--0.5%), with statistical significance(all P<0.05). Conclusions:The total mortality of asthma in 0-19-year old population decreased significantly from 2008 to 2018.The mortality rate of asthma in 0-19-year old people in China is at the low level around the world.

OBJECTIVETo explore and analyze the feasibility of Community Health Service Center(CHSC)-based HIV prevention and intervention in China.

METHODSData on case finding and case management indexes were collected from 42 CHSCs in 8 cities from November, 2011 to December, 2012, and complemented by questionnaires to investigate the willingness to accept community-based HIV services among health care providers and the service targets.

RESULTSDuring November, 2011 and December, 2012, 6 729 person-times HIV tests were carried out among MSM in the cooperation between CHSCs and CBOs, and 235 HIV positives were found. A total of 40 CHSCs among 42 have conducted HIV rapid tests. The sample sources were broad and the HIV screening positive detection rate from high-risk populations in key divisions of CHSCs 0.66% (38/5 769) was higher than that in outreach high-risk populations 0.41% (15/3 623) and people receiving physical check 0.31% (20/6 532). HIV positive detection rate in CHSCs was higher 0.4% (96/23 609) than that in conventional medical institutions 0.1% (11 870/9 644 944) and newly found positives among the confirmed positives was a little lower 73.7% (56/76) than conventional programs 80.1% (8 038/10 039). The case follow-up and CD4(+) T cell testing rates in CHSCs were 100.0% (1 046/1 046) and 99.1% (1 037/1 046), respectively. The testing cost was 6.1 RMB per person on average, and the cost of 1 case found positive was 2 727.3 RMB on average. Among 361 service providers, 68.1% (246)and 91.4% (330) service providers were willing to be involved in AIDS response and support HIV service in local CHSCs. Among 755 service targets including people who seek health care in key divisions of CHSCs, MSM, and high-risk populations in local communities, 77.3% (348), 73.9% (173) and 78.1% (57) were willing to accept free HIV tests in local CHSCs.

CONCLUSIONThe effect of case finding and case management in CHSCs was good and the cost of conducting HIV tests and finding new cases were relatively low, meanwhile, most of the service provides in CHSCs and service targets support HIV service in local CHSCs. The future CHSC-based HIV prevention and intervention was feasible.

China ; Community Health Centers ; Community Health Services ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; HIV Seropositivity ; Health Care Costs ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo investigate the survival and development conditions of community-based organizations (CBOs) for HIV/AIDS prevention and control among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Chinese cities including Shanghai, Hangzhou, Chongqing.

METHODSThis study employed both qualitative (focus groups) and quantitative (questionnaire survey) methods to obtain information from 15 MSM CBOs in three Chinese cities.

RESULTSThe mean work time of the 15 CBOs for HIV/AIDS prevention and control among MSM was 6.7 years (2.1-11.3 years), and the majority of their funds was from international cooperation projects (80 447 000 RMB, 73.0%) from 2006 to 2013. The survival cost of MSM CBOs apart from expenditure of activities was 2 240-435 360 RMB per year. As it was shown in the graph, the survival and development of MSM CBOs was closely related to the development of international cooperation projects. There was a few small size MSM CBOs taking part in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS and their work content was limited before 2006. From 2006 to 2008, some international cooperation projects were launched in China, such as the China Global Fund AIDS project and the China-Gates Foundation HIV Prevention Cooperation program. As a result, the number of MSM CBOs was increased sharply, and both the scale and 2012, the performance of these programs further promote the establishment of new MSM CBOs and the development of all MSM CBOs with regard to the work places, full-time staffs, work contents, work patterns and the specific targeted population. After 2012, most international cooperation programs were completed and the local department of disease prevention and control continued to cooperate with MSM CBOs. However, the degree of support funds from the local department was different among different regions. Where the funds were below the half of program funds, the development of MSM CBOs ceased and work slowed down. Besides, there were still some constraints for the survival and development of MSM CBOs, such as insufficient funds, no legitimate identity, the outflow of talents and the unsustainable development.

CONCLUSIONThe survival and development of MSM CBOs was closely related to the development of international cooperation projects in China. Some departments of disease prevention and control took over the cooperation with MSM CBOs when the international cooperation projects were completed. Given the survival cost of MSM CBOs and the constraints of MSM CBOs development, it needs further investigation on how to ensure the local departments of disease prevention and control to take over the cooperation with MSM CBOs and how to cooperate with MSM CBOs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ; China ; Cities ; Communicable Diseases ; Community Health Services ; Financial Support ; HIV Infections ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; International Cooperation ; Male ; Organizations, Nonprofit

OBJECTIVETo understand the syphilis infection and its high risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) recruited from different channels.

METHODSSupported by the China-Gates Foundation HIV program from July to December 2011, we cooperated with community based organizations to conduct syphilis testing intervention among MSM from 14 cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Chongqing, Harbin, Shenyang, Qingdao, Xi'an, Nanjing, Wuhan, Hangzhou, Changsha, Kunming, and Guangzhou) and one province (Hainan province). Participants were recruited from different channels by the staff of local CBOs, Demographic (e.g. age, marital status, and education) and behavioral (e.g. condom use and sexual partners) data were collected using anonymous questionnaires. Blood samples were also collected to test for syphilis. A total of 34 100 MSM participated in the survey. Participants were excluded from data analysis (1 399, 4.1%) if they did not receive syphilis tests or they completed less than 80.00% of the key questions in the survey. Chi-square tests were used to understand the socio-demographic and behavioral differences between each group. Results of syphilis tests were also compared. Logistic regression models were used to test the statistical significance of these differences.

RESULTSA total of 32 701 MSM were enrolled and received syphilis testing. The average age of participates was 30.96 ± 9.57. And among them, 2 284 cases (7.0%) were recruited from gay bathhouses, 4 774 (14.6%) from gay bars, 6 266 (19.2%) from the internet, 1 997 (6.1%) from the parks/toilets and 17 380 (53.1%) from other channels. MSM recruited from the bathhouses had the highest syphilis infection rate than other 4 groups: gaybars (4.5%, 216/4 774), internet (6.7%, 422/6 266), parks/toilets (8.3%, 166/1 997), other channels (6.4%, 1 103/17 380) (χ² = 164.58, P < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that being > 20 years of age (P < 0.001), having more than 2 homosexual partners in recent 3 months (8.0% (1 408/17 714), OR (95% CI) = 1.44 (1.04-1.98)), having no sex with females in past 3 months (6.8% (1 446/21 276), OR (95% CI) = 1.25 (1.07-1.46)), and not using condom at last anal sex (8.0% (769/9 668), OR (95% CI) = 1.13 (1.03-1.25)) were associated with a higher probability of being infected with syphilis. Whereas MSM married (7.2% (456/6 305), OR (95% CI) = 0.84 (0.73-0.98)), having a college or a higher education (5.3% (829/15 684), OR (95% CI) = 0.60 (0.53-0.67)), being local residents (6.5% (1 843/28 185), OR (95% CI) = 0.73 (0.61-0.87)) and living in the local province of project cities (6.6% (170/2 593), OR (95% CI) = 0.67 (0.53-0.85)) were protective factors.

CONCLUSIONMSM who were recruited from gay bathhouses have a higher rate of syphilis infection than those in channels relatively. They are older, with low education levels and high-risk sexual behaviors. Tailored interventions are required in the future, especially for MSM from gay bathhouses.

Adult ; China ; Condoms ; Demography ; Homosexuality, Male ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Risk Factors ; Safe Sex ; Sexual Behavior ; Sexual Partners ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Syphilis ; Universities

Objective:To investigate the application value of magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) in pelvic fractures with lumbosacral plexus injury.Methods:From January 2014 to June 2020, data of 9 patients with pelvic fractures combined with lumbosacral plexus injury who were diagnosed with MRN and were performed surgical treatment were analyzed retrospectively. Among them, there were 8 males and 1 female, aged from 18 to 54 years, with an average age of 40.6±11.0 years. There were 2 fresh fractures within 3 weeks and 7 old pelvic fractures in 9 patients. According to AO classification, there were 6 cases of C1.3 type, 3 cases of C3 type. According to Denis classification of sacral fracture, there were 8 cases of Denis II type, 1 case of Denis III. Gibbons classification of nerve injury: 2 cases of grade II, 4 cases of grade III, 3 cases of grade IV; According to the criteria by the Nervous Injury Committee of British Medical Research Council (BMRC): 2 cases of M1, 3 cases of M2, 2 cases of M3, 2 cases of M4. Before the operation, the MRN technology was used to accurately locate the location and extent of the lumbosacral nerve injury, and nerve exploration release or internal fixation combined with nerve exploration release was employed for treatment.Results:All 9 patients underwent surgery successfully. The operation time ranged from 150 to 360 min, with an average of 217.8±63.8 min; intraoperative blood loss ranged from 200 to 1 100 ml, with an average of 388.9±293.4 ml. All patients were followed up for 21.6±19.3 months. All the fractures were healed, and the healing time was 12.7±2.2 months (range, 10-18 months). At the last follow-up, Gibbons classification of nerve injury: 3 cases of grade I, 5 cases of grade II, and 1 case of grade III. According to the criteria of BMRC: the muscle strength achieved M5 in 6 cases, M4 in 2 cases, M3 in 1 case. One patient developed a urinary system infection 2 months after discharge and recovered after treatment.Conclusion:MRN technique can assist the surgeon to fully understand the compression and traction damage of the lumbosacral nerve by the fracture before the operation, and make clear qualitative and localized diagnosis of the nerve damage, making the operation more precise and minimally invasive, which is a supplement to the traditional diagnosis method of lumbosacral plexus injury.

Objective:To explore the clinical diagnosis and treatment experience of pelvic fracture complicated with anterior sacroiliac joint dislocation.Methods:The data of 19 patients with pelvic fracture and anterior sacroiliac joint dislocation admitted from June 2013 to September 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. There were 12 males and 7 females; aged 9-67 years, with an average of 28.0 years. There were 11 cases of traffic accident injury, 6 of falling injury and 2 of crashing injury caused by machine extrusion. According to the Tile classification, there were 8 cases of type C1, 2 of type C2, and 9 of type C3; 6 cases of modified mangled extremity severity score (MESS) were greater than or equal to 7, of which 2 cases underwent hip amputation, 4 cases underwent king-steelquis semipelvectomy. 13 cases underwent limb-salvage surgery, of which 3 cases underwent external fixation surgery, and the remaining 10 cases underwent open reduction and internal fixation with steel plate. The reduction quality was evaluated according to the Matta imaging criteria of pelvis, the pain was evaluated according to the visual analogue scale (VAS), and the pelvic function was evaluated according to the Majeed score.Results:The operation time was 2 to 4 hours, with an average of 3.2 hours; the intraoperative blood loss was 400 to 1 200 ml, with an average of 768.4 ml. The 18 surviving patients were followed up for 6 to 24 months, with an average of 11.6 months. One of the 6 amputation patients died one week after the operation due to septic shock and multiple organ failure. The overall survival rate of the patients was 94.7% (18/19), and the amputation rate was 31.6% (6/19). The pelvic fractures of the 18 surviving patients were all healed, and the fracture healing time was 3 to 6 months, with an average of 4.2 months. No delayed union or nonunion occurred. At the last follow-up of the 18 surviving patients, the VAS was 2.4±1.9 points (range, 0-6 points). Among them, there were no pain in 3 cases, mild pain in 9 cases and moderate pain in 6 cases. At the last follow-up, 13 patients undergoing limb salvage treatment evaluated the quality of reduction according to Matta imaging criteria. Among them, 6 cases were excellent, 4 were good, 2 were fair, and 1 was poor. The excellent and good rate was 76.9% (10/13). The Majeed functional score was 81.8±11.9 points (range, 53-95 points). Among them, 6 cases were excellent, 5 were good, 1 was fair, and 1 was poor. The excellent and good rate was 84.6% (11/13). In the limb salvage treatment group, 4 patients with lumbosacral nerve injury caused limited hip joint movement function, and unilateral lower limb sensation and movement were weakened. After neurolysis and nutritional support treatment, the patient's sensorimotor function was significantly improved.Conclusion:The mortality and disability rate of pelvic fractures combined with anterior sacroiliac joint dislocation is high. In order to save the patient's life, early diagnosis of limb injury and early surgical intervention should be performed. If necessary, hip disarticulation or king-steelquis should be selected.

Objective: To estimate the impact of risk factors control on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) mortality, life expectancy and the numbers of labor force lost in China in 2030. Methods: We used the results of China from Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, according to the correlation between death of NCDs and exposure of risk factors and the comparative risk assessment theory, to calculate population attributable fraction (PAF) and disaggregate deaths of NCDs into parts attributable and un-attributable. We used proportional change model to project risk factors exposure and un-attributable deaths of NCDs in 2030, then to get deaths of NCDs in 2030. Simulated scenarios according to the goals of global main NCDs risk factors control proposed by WHO were constructed to calculate the impact of risk factors control on NCDs death, life expectancy and the numbers of labor force lost. Results: If the risk factors exposure changed according to the trend of 1990 to 2013, compared to the numbers (8.499 million) and mortality rate (613.5/100 000) of NCDs in 2013, the death number (12.161 million) and mortality rate (859.2/100 000) would increase by 43.1% and 40.0% respectively in 2030, among which, ischemic stroke (increasing by 103.3% for death number and 98.8% for mortality rate) and ischemic heart disease (increasing by 85.0% for death number and 81.0% for mortality rate) would increase most quickly. If the risk factors get the goals in 2030, the NCDs deaths would reduce 2 631 thousands. If only one risk factor gets the goal, blood pressure (1 484 thousands NCDs deaths reduction), smoking (717 thousands reduction) and BMI (274 thousands reduction) would be the most important factors affecting NCDs death. Blood pressure control would have greater impact on ischemic heart disease (662 thousands reduction) and hemorrhagic stroke (449 thousands reduction). Smoking control would have the greatest effect on lung cancer (251 thousands reduction) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (201 thousands reduction). BMI control would have the greatest impact on ischemic heart disease (86 thousands reduction) and hypertensive heart disease (45 thousands reduction). If the risk factors exposure changed according to the trend of 1990 to 2013, in 2030, the life expectancy of Chinese population would reach to 79.0 years old, compared to 2013, increasing by 3.3 years old, the labor force at the age of 15-64 years old would loss 1.932 million. If the risk factors get the goals in 2030, life expectancy would increase to 81.7 years old and the number of labor force lost would decrease to 1.467 million. Blood pressure, smoking and BMI control would have much greater impact on life expectancy (4.9, 4.0 and 3.8 years old respectively) and labor force lost (630 thousands, 496 thousands and 440 thousands respectively). Conclusion Risk factors control would play an important role in reducing NCD death, improving life expectancy of residents and reducing loss of labor force. Among them, the control of blood pressure raising, smoking and BMI raising would have a greater contribution to the improvement of population health status.

Objective: To assess the disease burden attributable to household air pollution in 1990 and 2013 in China. Methods: Based on data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013 in China (GBD 2013), we used population attributable fractions (PAF) to analyze the burden of different diseases attributable to solid-fuel household pollution in 2013 in China(not inclnding HongKang, Macao, Taiwan). We compared PAF, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) for diseases attributable to solid-fuel household pollution in 31 provinces in mainland China in 1990 and 2013, and stratified the burden by age group. The estimated world average population during 2000- 2025 was used to calculate age-standardized mortality and DALY rates. Results: In 2013, 14.9% of lower respiratory infections in children <5, 32.5% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 12.0% of ischemic stroke, 14.2% of hemorrhagic stroke, 10.9% of ischemic heart disease, and 13.7% of lung cancer were attributable to solid-fuel household pollution. In addition, 807 000 deaths were attributable to solid-fuel household pollution, including 296 000 from COPD, 169 000 from hemorrhagic stroke, 152 000 from ischemic heart disease, 88 000 from ischemic stroke, 75 000 from lung cancer, and 28 000 from lower respiratory infections in children <5. The age-standardized mortality rate from solid-fuel household pollution decreased by 59.3% from 158.8/100 000 in 1990 to 64.6/100 000 in 2013. The age-standardized mortality rate from solid-fuel household pollution decreased in all 31 provinces, with the highest decline observed in Shanghai (96.3%), and lowest in Xinjiang (39.9%). In 2013, the age-standardized DALY rate from solid-fuel household pollution was highest in Guizhou (2 233.0/100 000) and lowest in Shanghai (27.0/100 000). The DALY rate was the highest for the >70 age group (7 006.0/100 000). Compared with 1990, the 2013 mortality rate and DALY rate from solid-fuel household pollution decreased in all age groups, with the highest decline observed in the <5 age group (91.9% and 91.8% , respectively). Conclusion Although the disease burden attributable to household air pollution decreased notably between 1990 and 2013, household pollution caused a high number of deaths and DALY loss in certain western provinces.

Objective To analyze the disease burden of liver cancer in the Chinese population in 1990 and 2013.Methods Data from Global Burden of Diseases 2013 (GBD2013) was used to analyze the disease burden of liver cancer in China.The main outcome measurements would include mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALY).Again,GBD global standard population in 2013 was used as the reference population to calculate the age-standardized rate.Related changes on percentage from 1990 to 2013 were calculated to analyze the changing patterns of disease burden for liver cancer in China.Results In 2013,a total of 358 100 people died of liver cancer,with the crude death rate as 25.85/100 000,in China.Number of deaths due to liver cancer secondary to hepatitis B was 163 600 (accounting for 45.69％).Number of deaths due to liver cancer secondary to hepatitis C was 134 200 (accounting for 37.48％) with DALY due to liver cancer appeared as 40.80 million person years.In 2013,the leading causes of DALY related to liver cancer was liver cancer secondary to hepatitis B,followed by liver cancer secondary to hepatitis C,liver cancer secondary to alcohol use,other liver cancers,with related DALYs as 4 652.0,3 394.3,964.3 and 592.1 thousands person years,respectively.The disease burdens of liver cancer secondary to various kinds of liver cancer were significantly higher in males than in females.Compared with 1990,the standardized mortality of liver cancer reduced by 25.00％,the DALY attributable to liver cancer increased by 16.95％ and the standardized DALY rate attributable to liver cancer reduced by 33.47％.The burden of liver cancer secondary to hepatitis C became more serious and the standardized death rate increased by 106.18％,together with the standardized DALY rate increased by 91.68％ in the past 23 years.Disease burden of liver cancer among young adults and the elderly were most serious.When comparing with the data in 1990,the standardized DALY rate showed declining trend in all the age groups,with the most seen in the 5-14 year group.The standardized DALY rate,secondary to hepatitis B had a 46.37％ decrease in the 5-14 year olds.The standardized DALY rate secondary to hepatitis C showed an increasing trend in all the age groups.Conclusions Liver cancer had been one of the serious diseases that causing heavy disease burden in China.In recent years,the disease burden of liver cancer secondary to hepatitis B decreased but the disease burden of liver cancer secondary to hepatitis C significantly increased.Disease burden on liver cancer in male population was significantly higher than that in females,showing that related targeted prevention and control measures should be imminently carried out.

Objective To explore the effect of fime particulate matters with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μtm (PM2.5) on daily cardiovascular disease mortality in seven cities of China.Methods Daily average concentrations of PM2.5,cardiovascular disease mortality data and environmental data were collected from January 1,2013 to December 31,2015 in seven cities of China,including Shijiazhuang,Haerbin,Shanghai,Wuhan,Guangzhou,Chengdu and Xi'an.We linked generalized additive model with Quasi-Poisson distribution to evaluate the association between daily concentrations of PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease mortality at single-city level and multi-city level,after adjusting for the long-term and seasonal trend,as well as meteorological factors and the effect of "days of week".Results The single-pollutant model indicated that there were marked differences in association strength in these cities,among which the effect in Guangzhou was strongest.At multi-city level,a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with an increase of 0.315％ (95％CI:0.133％-0.497％) of daily cardiovascular disease mortality.From lag0 to lag2,the effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease mortality decreased,while it was strongest on lag01.In the two-pollutant model,the estimated effect decreased in all the cities with the adjustments of SO2 or NO2.The insignificant combined results suggested that PM2.5 might have combined effect with other pollutants.Each 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 was associated with increases of 0.371％ (95％CI:0.141％-0.600％) and 0.199％ (95％ CI:0.077％-0.321％) of cardiovascular disease mortality in males and females,respectively.The effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular disease mortality increased with age and decreased with educational level,although the differences between different subgroups were insignificant.The dose-response relationship between PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease mortality was non-linear and non-threshold,with a steeper curve at lower concentrations.Conclusion The increases of PM2.5 concentration can result in the increase of daily cardiovascular mortality.