Efflux protein is an active transport protein family located on cell membranes of various human tissues,including ocular tissues.Efflux proteins can transport exogenous molecules out of the cells to function as a protective mechanism.Scientists have revealed these proteins in various human eye tissues,including cornea,iris and ciliary body,retina,as well as retinal pigment epithelium.Many studies have demonstrated that these efflux proteins have their own unique substrates and inhibitors.The effects of these efflux proteins and inhibitors can alter ocular pharmacokinetics as well as pharmacodynamics of a given therapeutics.Better understanding of the efflux proteins and their functions can provide scientific insight and guideline for development of optimal ocular drug delivery strategy.

ObjectiveTo explore the clinical effect of the different surgical treatment for patients with inguinal hernia.Methods98 patients with inguinal hernia were randomly divided into two groups and 49 cases in each group.The observation group was given filling tension-free hernia repair,the control group using traditional hernia repair.The postoperative follow-up were compared in clinical efficacy and recurrence.ResultsIn the observation group and control group,the duration of postoperative pain,surgical time and patient recovery time was 93.9％ (46/49) vs 81.6％ (40/49) (x2 =2.645,P＜0.01),(45.2 ±7.2)min vs (51.4 ±6.4)min(P ＜0.05),(60.8±5.4) min vs (71.4 ± 6.7) min ( P ＜ 0.05 ),( 2.0 ± 2.1 ) d vs (4.9 ± 1.8) d ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Postoperative follow-up found that both groups of patients relapse rate was statistically significant( x2 =3.279,P ＜0.01 ).ConclusionTwo different surgical treatment of inguinal hernia,the tension-free hernia repair compared with the traditional hernia repair was more suitable for the body,surgery time and recovery time was short,reducing the relapse rate in patients with inguinal hernia,was an effective means of treatment.

Objective To explore the value of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)in the treatment of chronic pancre-atitis (CP).Methods Thirty patients with CP who underwent ERCP from January 2008 to December 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. Serum amylase levels were determined before and at 24 hours after surgery.The reduction in abdominal pain was dynamically evaluated be-fore and after treatment.A follow -up of patients with steatorrhea and anxiety was performed.Regular reexamination using abdominal ima-ging or ERCP was performed to identify pancreatic lesions and conditions of pancreatic duct stents.Results All patients were successfully treated by ERCP and had pancreatic duct stents placed.The remission rate of abdominal pain reached 83.3% at 72 hours after surgery.One patient was assigned to surgery due to insignificant improvement in symptoms,and the case -fatality rate after surgery was 0.Conclusion ERCP is an effective method in the treatment of CP,which has the advantages of being safe,effective,and minimally invasive.

AIM: To study the relationship between expression of ? 3 integrin, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) stimulated by osteopontin (OPN) and fibronectin (FN).METHODS: VSMC migration was examined using a model of wounding injury of confluent cultured cells. The expression of ? 3 integrin, FAK and Gax genes in VSMC were detected using Western blotting and RT-PCR. RESULTS: OPN and FN induced the migration activity of VSMC in a time-dependent manner ( P

Objective To explore the changes of ultrastructural characteristics including interstitial space dilation(ISD) and the number of desmosome in non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease(NERD)with abnormal and normal oesophageal acid exposure.Methods Nineteen patients with(abnormal) oesophageal acid exposure,20 with normal oesophageal acid exposure,10 with reflux(esophagitis)(RE) and 10 asymptomatic controls,classified on the basis of pH-metry,underwent(endoscopy.) Three biopsies were taken from the normal mucosa for light microscopy and transmission(electron microscopy) evaluation.ISD was measured and the number of desmosome in the intercellular spaces was calculated by using a digital scanner from photomicrographs of the specimens.The above two markers were compared with each other among the above groups.Results There was no significant difference in the mean score of the interstitial space between NERD and RE patients [(2.21?0.68)?m versus(2.39?0.42)?m,P0.05)].The mean score of the interstitial space of the control was(0.63(?0.21))?m,much lower than those of NERD and RE patients(P0.01).There was a significant(difference) in ISD between NERD with abnormal oesophageal acid exposure and normal oesophageal acid(exposure) [(2.45?0.67)?m versus(1.91?0.67)?m,P0.05].The mean numbers of desmosome in the intercellular space of the NERD and RE patients were(0.141?0.043) entries/?m~2 and(0.124(?0.044)) entries/?m~2,respectively,significantly lower than those of the controls [(0.221?0.031)(entries/?m~2].) But no significant differences were observed between the RE and the NERD patients(P0.05).Conclusions The interstitial space of esophageal mucosa in the NERD patients is dilated as in the RE.In NERD patients,the dilation of interstitial space is associated with abnormal acid exposure.The numbers of desmosome may also be a marker of esophageal mucosal injury of NERD.

Mutation of ras gene family was studied in 206 cases of gastric cancer and precancerous lesions by PCR/RFLP, PCR/SSCP and DNA suquencmg. The results showed: the mutation rates of H-ras 12 codon in metaplasia, atypical dysplasia, early cancer and advanced cancer were 16.7%(6/36), 31.2%(15/48), 50.0% (5/10), 32.2% (20/60), respectively. In the groups of superficial gastritis and normal controls, no mutations were found. Mutations of H-ras 61 codon and N-ras 12 codon in various groups were the same as that of normal controls. Only 2 cases of K-ras 12 codon mutation were detected in gastric cancer group by PCR-SSCP, but it was not identified by DNA sequencing. It might be due to polymorphism. All H-ras 12 codon mutations were of G→T mutation. There were significant differences between groups of metaplasia, dysplasia, gastric carcinoma and normal controls. (P

AIM: To investigate whether the expression of integrin ?_3 and the activation of focal adhesion kinase(FAK) are involved in neointima formation after de-endothelium.METHODS: The model of intima hyperplasia was prepared by balloon injury.The levels of osteopontin(OPN),integrin ?_3 and FAK in vascular tissue were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry.RESULTS: There were similar expression patterns in OPN,integrin ?_3 and FAK following balloon injury.The levels of three proteins were markedly increased 3 days after operation and reached the peak at 7th day.The increased FAK was mainly the phosphorylated form.The migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells was associated with the increase in the expression of integrin ?_3 and FAK,and was parallel with rapid turnover of extracellular matrix(ECM).CONCLUSION: The interaction of cells with ECM mediated by OPN and integrin ?_3 is essential for migration.The integrin ?_3-FAK pathway is involved in neointima formation.

AIM: To investigate the relationship between NF-?B activation and intimal hyperplasia.METHODS: The protein extract from aorta was used to detect the expression of NF-?B p65,I?B?,ICAM-1 and COX-2 by Western blotting,and detection of threonine phosphorylation of p65 was performed by immunoprecipitation analysis.RESULTS: The level of p65 reached a maximum level at day 7,and then decreased significantly,which was higher than that in the control,in both cellular extract and nuclear extract at day 21 after balloon injury.The p65 level in cytoplasm had no obvious changes at different time points after balloon injury.The threonine phosphorylation of NF-?B p65 was negative correlated with the nuclear translocation of NF-?B.I?B? level showed a 15% decrease at day 1 after balloon injury,compared with control group,then returned at day 14,and reached to normal level at day 21.However,the expression of ICAM-1 and COX-2 was maximal at day 14,and then declined but higher than that in control group at day 21 after balloon injury.CONCLUSION: The activation of NF-?B p65 and the expression of ICAM-1 and COX-2 are parallel to the neointimal thickening after balloon injury.

In the paper,we introduced the peculiarity of Candida albicans and the disease caused by it,expounded the complexity of the pathogenesis,enumerated the advantages of the RNA-Seq and reviewed its application to study on the pathogenesis of Candida albicans,found out some shortages in previous studies,and anticipated the possible trends of such study in future.In conclusion,some remarkable achievements will bring about by use of improved RNA-Seq for intensive researches on the pathogenesis of Candida albicans.

Objective To analyse the clinical features of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD)who had scores＜12 using reflux diagnostic questionnaires(RDQ).Methods A comparative and retrospective study was carried out in 148 GERD patients.Among whom 22 patients had low RDQ score(＜12)and 126 patients had high RDQ score(≥12).The differences in heart burn,substantial chest pain,regurgitation,severity and frequency of food reflux between two groups were compared.Nevertheless,the atypical symptoms such as chest distress.abnormal sensation of regurgitation or food reflux was significantly lower in patients with RDQ＜12 than those with RDQ≥accounted for 60.28%of the total RDQ score,whereas the heart burn,regurgitation and food reflux atypical symptom of chest distress was found in 13 patients(59.09%),abnormal sensation of throat in 8 patients(36.36%).cough and asthma in 3 patients(13.63%),headache in 5 patients(22.72%),belching in 9 patients(40.90%),aypnia in 8 patients(36.36%),and anxiety in 6 patients(27.27%).Conclusion RDQ is insensitive to those who have chest pain with no obvious symptom of heart burn,regurgitation or food reflux as well as those with atypical symptom beyond the RDQ.