During recent years,International Nephrology and Emergency Medicine Association preferred a cute kidney injury( AKI)rather than a cute renal failure for the diagnosis and intervention in the early phase of AKI,with the ultimate goal of reducing the mortality rate.It is not sensitive to diagnose AKI in the early phase only according to the change of urine output and serum ereatinine.It is reported that some new biomarkers are sensitive and specific and may play important roles for the early diagnosis of AKI.

Vardenafil is a potent and highly selective phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor with a potency about 10-fold higher than sildenafil. Vardenafil can significantly improve erectile function and works rapidly. Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor with the fastest onset of action among its kind so far found and works as early as 10 minutes after oral administration, providing patients with penile erection sufficient to complete an intercourse. The absolute oral bioavailability is about 15%. Vardenafil is rapidly absorbed with a median tmax of 0.7 h and a terminal half-life (t1/2) of more than 4 h. The observed pharmacodynamic properties, pharmacokinetic characteristics and good safety and tolerability profile showed that vardenafil treatment provides an effective and generally well tolerated treatment for ED.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Animals ; Erectile Dysfunction ; drug therapy ; Half-Life ; Humans ; Imidazoles ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Piperazines ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Purines ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Rabbits ; Sildenafil Citrate ; Sulfones ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Triazines ; pharmacokinetics ; pharmacology ; Vardenafil Dihydrochloride

Benign distal biliary strictures (BDBS) are fibrous tissue proliferation and biliary stricture caused by long-term stimulation of the affected bile ducts due to non-neoplastic factors such as iatrogenic injury, chronic inflammation, and bile duct stones, which further leads to recurrent cholangitis, obstructive jaundice, and liver impairment. Relieving distal biliary obstruction and maintaining bile duct patency for a long time are the core of the treatment of BDBS. With the continuous innovation of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography techniques, new techniques such as endoscopic stenosis dilatation, stent implantation, and magnetic compression anastomosis are gradually becoming effective treatment methods for BDBS. This article elaborates on the advances in endoscopic therapy for BDBS, so as to provide a reference for clinical research.

Objective To compare the differentiating effect of Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Mini-BESTest) and Brief-BESTest on the risk of falls in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Methods From September, 2016 to March, 2017, 22 COPD patients with history of falls and other age-matched 66 COPD patients without history of falls were assessed with BBS, Mini-BESTest and Brief-BESTest. The data were compared with paired Logistic regression, Log-likelihood estimate, and the skewness coefficient were calculated. Results BBS, Mini-BESTest and Brief-BESTest all were valuable for differentiating the risk of falls in COPD patients. Log-likelihood estimate value was the least in Brif-BESTest (5.372), followed with Mini-BESTest (12.918) and BBS (17.644). There was not a ceiling effect in Brief-BESTest and Mini-BESTest, but there was in BBS. Conclusion All the BBS, Mini-BESTest and Brief-BESTest can predict the risk of falls in patients with COPD, and Brief-BESTest is the most predictive. There is a ceiling effect in BBS for COPD patients, but not in Brief-BESTest and Mini-BESTest.