Purpose: To evaluate how a family history of prostate cancer influences the progression of the disease in individuals with prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance. Materials and Methods: We conducted a thorough literature search in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library up to June 2023. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023441853). The study evaluated the effects of family history of prostate cancer (intervention) on disease progression (outcome) in prostate cancer patients undergoing active surveillance (population) and compared them to those without a family history (comparators). For time to disease progression outcomes, the extracted data were synthesized using the inverse variance method on the log hazard ratios scale. Results: A total of eight studies were incorporated into this systematic review and meta-analysis. The combined hazard ratio for unadjusted disease progression was 1.06 (95% confidential interval [CI] 0.66–1.69; p=0.82). The combined hazard ratio for adjusted disease progression was 1.31 (95% CI 1.16–1.48; p<0.0001). All the enlisted studies demonstrated high quality based on the Newcastle–Ottawa scale. The certainty of evidence for univariate and multivariate analysis of disease progression was very low and low, respectively. Publication bias for all studies was not significant. Conclusions For individuals with prostate cancer opting for active surveillance, a family history of prostate cancer may serve as an independent risk factor associated with an elevated risk of disease progression. Clinicians should be counseled about the increased risk of disease progression in patients with a family history of prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance.

Objectives: The association between statin use and depression is well studied, but the studies on the association of statin use and bipolar disorders are limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of taking statin on risk of bipolar disorder using national claims data of South Korea. Methods: A total of 5713871 subjects who did not take statin and were not diagnosed with bipolar disorder before the health examination were included. Among eligible subjects, 315537 subjects started taking statin within 1 year after taking the health examination and 5398334 subjects did not. After 9 years of follow-up, the incidence of bipolar disorder was determined for each group. Results: Compared to subjects who were not exposed to statin, subjects who were exposed to statin showed a greater incidence of bipolar disorder and an increased risk of bipolar disorder (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58 to 1.75), and after adjusting for age, sex, low income, regular exercise, smoking, drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, body mass index, cholesterol and depression (adjusted HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.40). Conclusions This result showed an increased risk of bipolar disorder after taking statin, but the underlying biological mechanism needs further investigations. This study has clinical implications for patients taking statins, which require early assessment and response in addition to drug treatment and lifestyle modification, considering the possibility that unhealthy lifestyle habits may appear as part of the mood symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Objectives: The association between statin use and depression is well studied, but the studies on the association of statin use and bipolar disorders are limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of taking statin on risk of bipolar disorder using national claims data of South Korea. Methods: A total of 5713871 subjects who did not take statin and were not diagnosed with bipolar disorder before the health examination were included. Among eligible subjects, 315537 subjects started taking statin within 1 year after taking the health examination and 5398334 subjects did not. After 9 years of follow-up, the incidence of bipolar disorder was determined for each group. Results: Compared to subjects who were not exposed to statin, subjects who were exposed to statin showed a greater incidence of bipolar disorder and an increased risk of bipolar disorder (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58 to 1.75), and after adjusting for age, sex, low income, regular exercise, smoking, drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, body mass index, cholesterol and depression (adjusted HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.40). Conclusions This result showed an increased risk of bipolar disorder after taking statin, but the underlying biological mechanism needs further investigations. This study has clinical implications for patients taking statins, which require early assessment and response in addition to drug treatment and lifestyle modification, considering the possibility that unhealthy lifestyle habits may appear as part of the mood symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Objectives: The association between statin use and depression is well studied, but the studies on the association of statin use and bipolar disorders are limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of taking statin on risk of bipolar disorder using national claims data of South Korea. Methods: A total of 5713871 subjects who did not take statin and were not diagnosed with bipolar disorder before the health examination were included. Among eligible subjects, 315537 subjects started taking statin within 1 year after taking the health examination and 5398334 subjects did not. After 9 years of follow-up, the incidence of bipolar disorder was determined for each group. Results: Compared to subjects who were not exposed to statin, subjects who were exposed to statin showed a greater incidence of bipolar disorder and an increased risk of bipolar disorder (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58 to 1.75), and after adjusting for age, sex, low income, regular exercise, smoking, drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, body mass index, cholesterol and depression (adjusted HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.40). Conclusions This result showed an increased risk of bipolar disorder after taking statin, but the underlying biological mechanism needs further investigations. This study has clinical implications for patients taking statins, which require early assessment and response in addition to drug treatment and lifestyle modification, considering the possibility that unhealthy lifestyle habits may appear as part of the mood symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Objectives: The association between statin use and depression is well studied, but the studies on the association of statin use and bipolar disorders are limited. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of taking statin on risk of bipolar disorder using national claims data of South Korea. Methods: A total of 5713871 subjects who did not take statin and were not diagnosed with bipolar disorder before the health examination were included. Among eligible subjects, 315537 subjects started taking statin within 1 year after taking the health examination and 5398334 subjects did not. After 9 years of follow-up, the incidence of bipolar disorder was determined for each group. Results: Compared to subjects who were not exposed to statin, subjects who were exposed to statin showed a greater incidence of bipolar disorder and an increased risk of bipolar disorder (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58 to 1.75), and after adjusting for age, sex, low income, regular exercise, smoking, drinking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, body mass index, cholesterol and depression (adjusted HR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.40). Conclusions This result showed an increased risk of bipolar disorder after taking statin, but the underlying biological mechanism needs further investigations. This study has clinical implications for patients taking statins, which require early assessment and response in addition to drug treatment and lifestyle modification, considering the possibility that unhealthy lifestyle habits may appear as part of the mood symptoms of bipolar disorder.

Purpose: This study assessed the relationship between newly developed normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in patients with prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: A retrospective population-based cohort study was performed. During the period between 2008 and 2017, a total of 218203 prostate cancer patients were identified in a nationwide claims database in the Republic of Korea. The final analysis included 170874 patients (42909 in the ADT group, 127965 in the control group) after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The incidences of NTG according to ADT duration were compared with controls. Exact matching was conducted to adjust comorbidities between cohorts. Cox proportional hazard regression models were performed after controlling for latent confounding factors, and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the incidence of NTG according to ADT were obtained. Results: In the matched cohort, the ADT group was associated with a significantly reduced risk of NTG in multivariable analysis compared to the control group. The risk of NTG decreased in patients who underwent ADT for less than 2 years (HR=0.824; 95% CI, 0.682–0.995; p=0.0440) and in those using ADT over 2 years (HR=0.796; 95% CI, 0.678–0.934; p=0.0051), compared to the controls. Conclusion Medical castrations for patients with prostate cancer results in a lower incidence of newly diagnosed NTG compared to no ADT. These findings suggest that testosterone may be involved in the pathogenesis of NTG.